Thursday, 10 December 2015

Tazobactam



Tazobactam.svgTazobactam.png

Tazobactam; Tazobactam acid; 89786-04-9; Tazobactamum; YTR-830H; CL-298741
(2S,3S,5R)-3-methyl-4,4,7-trioxo-3-(triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4$l^{6}-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
CAS 89785-84-2 SODIUM SALT
TAIHO Innovator
MOLECULAR FORMULA:C10H12N4O5S
MOLECULAR WEIGHT:300.29108 g/mol
Tazobactam is a beta Lactamase Inhibitor. The mechanism of action of tazobactam is as a beta Lactamase Inhibitor.
Tazobactam is a penicillanic acid sulfone derivative and beta-lactamase inhibitor with antibacterial activity. Tazobactam contains a beta-lactam ring and irreversibly binds to beta-lactamase at or near its active site. This protects other beta-lactam antibiotics from beta-lactamase catalysis. This drug is used in conjunction with beta-lactamase susceptible penicillins to treat infections caused by beta-lactamase producing organisms.
Tazobactam is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits the action of bacterial β-lactamases, especially those belonging to the SHV-1 and TEM groups. It is commonly used as its sodium salt, tazobactam sodium.
Tazobactam is combined with the extended spectrum β-lactam antibioticpiperacillin in the drug piperacillin/tazobactam, one of the preferred antibiotic treatments for nosocomial pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[citation needed] Tazobactam broadens the spectrum of piperacillin by making it effective against organisms that express β-lactamase and would normally degrade piperacillin.[1]
Tazobactam is a heavily modified penicillin and a sulfone.

PAPER
Synthesis 
PATENT
CN 104031065
[2S- (2 α, 2 β, 5 α)] -3- methyl _7_ oxo _3_ (1Η-1,2,3_ triazol-1-ylmethyl) -4- thia-1-azabicyclo – [3,2, O] – heptane-2-carboxylic acid 4,4-dioxide.
The structural formula:
Figure CN104031065AD00041
The first from 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) prepared by starting from the Hall TW et al., Its structure is to add a triazole ring on the basis of sulbactam to improve the effect of inhibiting the enzyme, which is currently lactam best clinical results β_ inhibitor, with high stability, low activity, low toxicity, inhibiting activity and other characteristics. 1992, tazobactam combination drug tazobactam / piperacillin (1: 8) for the first time in France the market, used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
The literature related to the different synthesis Tazobactam triazole ring according to the introduction, there are two main ways of preparation methods: the azide cycloaddition synthetic triazole five-membered ring and the side chains directly added triazole ring .
Preparation Method One: the azide cycloaddition method, as shown below:
Figure CN104031065AD00051
The azide cycloaddition preparation method, which is penicillanic acid diphenylmethyl ester sulfoxide as raw material, open-loop, chloride, azide, oxidation, alkyne cycloaddition, deprotection steps to obtain cilostazol Batan, although each step is quite simple and easy for industrial production, at present most manufacturers use this route, but its route is longer, and there is the azide reaction byproducts generated a large number of six-membered ring, the total yield compared low.
Preparation Method two: direct plus side chains triazole ring
Direct plus side chains triazole ring Preparation mainly disulfide nucleophilic ring was open and IH-1,2,3- triazole occurred directly in acetic acid in the presence of mercury or mercury oxide substituted rings (US4898939) or directly with the IH-1,2,3- triazole silver salt catalyzed reaction of iodine (Synthesis, 2005,3,442-446), as shown below:
Figure CN104031065AD00052
And the use of methyl chloride in an alkaline environment and iodine catalyzed substitution to generate the target product (CN200810238479 with 1H-1,2,3- triazole; Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai 2009/20 (5): 388- 391), as shown below:
Figure CN104031065AD00061
Direct plus side chains triazole ring preparation method because of its short synthetic route, avoiding the risk of high temperature and pressure addition is currently a hot tazobactam drug synthesis research. Since the compound (4) the sulfur atom lone pair of electrons more of a halogen atom (Cl, Br,
I) have a role to leave, under alkaline action by 1H-1,2,3- triazole nucleophilic attack IH ions generated carbocations prone to rearrangement to form a six-membered ring by-products higher probability, if the sulfur atom is oxidized to a sulfone, a sulfur atom, provided no lone pair of electrons, although able to increase its stability, but at the same time a halogen atom (Cl, Br, I) leaving passivation effect, such that the nucleophilic replace hardly occurs while using the expensive raw mercury and silver salts of heavy metals, higher costs, greater environmental pollution, which greatly restricted the industrial scale production.
Synthetic route of the present invention are as follows:
Figure CN104031065AD00071
Example 1: Preparation of 3-methyl – [2-oxo-4- (2-benzothiazolyl dithio) -1-azetidinyl] -3-butene diphenylmethyl ester (Compound 3) Preparation of
In penicillanic acid diphenylmethyl ester sulfoxide (compound 2) as a raw material, according to the literature (Synthesis, 2005,3,442-446) preparation, to give a pale yellow crystalline solid from acetone powder at a yield of 95%.
[0019] Examples of 2: 2 β- bromomethyl -2 α- methyl – penicillanic acid diphenylmethyl ester (Compound 4) Preparation of the solid obtained in Example I (Compound 3) 26g (0.05mol) dissolved in 300mL of methylene chloride, cooled to 0 ° C
The following is added 33.5g (0.075mol) of anhydrous copper bromide, after increases in (T5 ° C the reaction was stirred 10-ΐ2 hours, TLC sample testing of raw materials point disappears, and the filter cake was rinsed with 50mL methylene burn, The filtrate was respectively 200mL water, 200mL saturated sodium bicarbonate, 200mL water washing, containing 2β- bromomethyl -2α- methyl – penicillanic acid diphenylmethyl ester (compound 4) in methylene chloride was used directly in the next step reaction.
Examples 3 [0020]: 2 β – bromomethyl -2 α – methyl – penicillanate _1 β _ oxide diphenylmethyl ester (Compound 5) Preparation of
Of Example 2 was 2 β – bromomethyl -2 α – methyl – penicillanic acid diphenylmethyl ester (Compound 4) in dichloromethane was added 30mL of methanol, cooled to -5 ° C or less, dropwise 30mL50 % hydrogen peroxide / sodium tungstate mixture for about 30 minutes after the dripping, and the temperature at (T5 ° C incubation for 4 hours, then heated to 1 (T15 ° C incubation for 4 flying hours, TLC sample testing of raw materials (Compound 4) disappear , was added 200mL 7jC, stirred for five minutes, standing layer, the liquid layer was then washed with dichloromethane material 200mL 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate to give comprising 2β – bromomethyl -2 α – methyl – di penicillanate phenylmethyl ester -1 β – oxide (Compound 5) in methylene chloride was used directly in the next reaction.
[0021] Example 4: 2 @ – (! 1 1-1,2,3- triazole group) -20- methyl – penicillanic acid diphenylmethyl ester 1 @ – oxide (compound 6) Preparation
Of Example 3 was 2 β – bromomethyl -2 α – methyl – penicillanic acid diphenylmethyl ester -1 β – oxide (Compound 5) in dichloromethane was added 60mL methanol, 30mL water and 10.35g (0.15mol) 1H-1,2,3- triazole, cooled to below 5 ° C, was added 26g anion resin, temperature 5 ~ 10 ° C and stirred overnight (more than 24 hours), samples of raw materials by TLC (Compound 5) disappears, filtered, and the filtrate was added 200mL of water, standing layered material liquid dichloromethane layer was added anhydrous magnesium sulfate and activated carbon decolorization dehydration process, concentrated and dried under reduced pressure, the residue was added 60mL of methanol was dissolved by heating, stirring slowly cooled to (T5 ° C crystallization, precipitation continued until most of the solids after cooling to below -10 ° C for about 4 hours, filtered, and the cake was rinsed with cold methanol and vacuum dried to give a white solid (compound 6) Hg, yield 82% (Compound 3 by meter), mp: V; ESI (m / z):. 450 ,; IHNMR (CDl3) Examples 5: 2β- (1Η-1,2, 3- triazole-yl) -2α- methyl – penicillanic acid diphenylmethyl ester 1,1-dioxide (Compound 7) Preparation of
The 9g (0.02πιο1) 2β – (1H-1,2,3- triazole group) _2 α – methyl – penicillanic acid diphenylmethyl ester 1-oxide (compound 6) was dissolved in 225mL dichloro methane, adding 45mL glacial acetic acid, cooled to below 0 ° C, was added in portions
3.8g (0.024mol) of potassium permanganate. After the addition was completed in 5 ~ 10 ° C incubated overnight (more than 16 hours), sampled by HPLC completion of the reaction, insolubles were removed by filtration, the filtrate was added to 200mL water, stirred for five minutes, allowed to stand The layers were separated and then washed with 200mL saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, methylene chloride stock solution layer was dehydrated by adding anhydrous magnesium sulfate and decolorizing charcoal treatment, the remaining concentrated under reduced pressure to about 50mL volume, slowly with stirring to a cooled (TC hereinafter Crystallization 2 hours, filtered, rinsed with a small amount of methylene chloride, dried in vacuo to give a white solid (Compound 7) 8.85g, yield 95%, mp: 201-206 ° C; ESI (m / z): 466, .; IHNMR (CDl3) Example 6: Preparation of tazobactam he (Compound I),
The 1g (0.021mol) 2 β – (1H-1,2,3- triazole group) _2 α – methyl – penicillanate 1,1-diphenyl ester (compound 7) was dissolved in 10mL m-cresol at 50 ~ 55 ° C incubated for 2 hours, cooled to O ~ 5 ° C, was added 200mL of methyl isobutyl ketone, extracted twice with 10mL saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, the combined aqueous layers were dried 10mL ethyl acetate extract miscellaneous twice, and the aqueous layer was added active carbon filtration, and the filtrate was cooled to O ~ 5 ° C, dropping 6mol / L hydrochloric acid to precipitate a solid no longer far, filtered cake was washed with cold water and dried under vacuum to give a white solid tazobactam 5.9g, yield 92%, mp: 136-1380C; ESI (m / z): 300; IHNMR (CDl3) ο

PATENT

WO 2014037893
improved process for the preparation of Tazobactam of formula (I).
Figure imgf000003_0001
(I)
Tazobactam is chemically known as 2a-methyl-2 -(l,2,3-triazol-l-yl)- methylpenam-3a-carboxylate- 1,1 -dioxide and has a very low antibacterial activity. On the other hand, it exhibits a beta-lactamase inhibitory activity when irreversibly bonded to beta-lactamases produced by microorganisms. For this reason, Tazobactam may be used in combination with known antibiotics prone to be inactivated by beta-lactamases to allow them to exhibit their inherent antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase producing microorganisms. Tazobactam as a product is disclosed in US Patent No. 4,562,073.
Considering the importance of Tazobactam there are several literatures available which disclose various processes for the preparation of Tazobactam, some of which are described below.
US patent No. 4,562,073 provides Tazobactam of formula (I) and its derivatives. This patent also describes a process for their preparation as shown in Scheme – 1.
Figure imgf000004_0001
(I )
Scheme – 1
wherein R is hydrogen or trialkylsilyl; R is hydrogen, trialkylsilyl or COOM wherein M is hydrogen, C1-18 alkyl, C2-7 alkoxymethyl, etc., R has the same meaning as M and R represents carboxyl protecting group.
US patents 4,891,369 and 4,933,444 disclose an approach, which involves the preparation of 2a-methyl-2 -triazol lmethylpenam derivative of formula (V)
Figure imgf000004_0002
(V)
wherein R is a carboxy protecting group, by treatment of a β-halomethyl penam derivative of formula (IV), wherein X is chlorine or bromine and R is a carboxy protecting group, with 1,2,3-triazole.
Figure imgf000004_0003
(IV) US patent No. 4,507,239 provides a process which involves the preparation of 2a-methyl-2 -azidomethylpenam derivatives of formula (VII) by treatment of compound of formula (IV) with sodium azide in aqueous aprotic solvents.
Figure imgf000005_0001
In yet another method disclosed in US patent No. 4,895,941, penam sulfoxide of formula,
Figure imgf000005_0002
(II)
wherein R represents a carboxy protecting group, is treated with 2-trimethylsilyl- 1,2,3-triazole in a sealed tube at elevated temperatures to give a mixture which upon column chromatography purification yields 2a-methyl-2 -triazolylmethyl penam derivative of formula (V).
US patent 4,518,533 provides a process for the preparation of intermediate of formula (III)
Figure imgf000005_0003
(HI) wherein the ester of penicillanic acid- 1 -oxide [compound of formula (II)] is reacted with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in aliphatic hydrocarbon or aromatic hydrocarbon followed by isolation using column chromatographic method.
US patent 7,273,935 provides a process for the preparation of compound of formula (VIII) by reacting compound of formula (III) with cyclising agents like HCl or HBr and sodium nitrite.
Figure imgf000006_0001
(VIII)
wherein R is carboxyl protecting group and L is a leaving group like CI or Br.
US patent 6,936,711 provides a process for the preparation of protected tazobactam [compound of formula (VI)] by reacting compound of formula (VIII) with 1,2,3-triazole using a base.
In addition, US patent namely US 6,660,855, US 7,692,003, and US 7,547,777 claim process for the preparation of crystalline intermediates useful in the preparation of Tazobactam.
In general, de-protection of p-nitrobenzyl/ diphenylmethyl group in penem/penicillin core like Meropenem, Imipenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem, Faropenem, tazobactam and the like utilizes 1-10% of palladium on carbon, like commercially available 1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% or 10%, which requires high pressure reactor. US patent 4,925,934 provides a de-protection method for 2a-methyl-2 – triazolylmethylpenam derivative of formula (VI) by reaction with m-cresol
Figure imgf000007_0001
(VI)
wherein R is selected from p-methoxybenzyl, diphenylmethyl (benzhydryl), 3,4,5- tirmethoxybenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl, 2,4,6- trimethylbenzyl, ditolylmethyl, dianisylmethyl or tert-butyl. The isolated product contains higher amount of m-cresol as an impurity.
US patent 7,674,898 provides a process for the isolation of tazobactam by heating the aqueous solution containing Tazobactam before adjusting the pH. Before adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution containing tazobactam, the said solution was treated with ion-exchange resin column to purify the product. The use of ion-exchange resin and eluting the product is cumbersome on commercial scale.
Considering the importance of Tazobactam in healthcare treatment, the present inventors diligently worked to identify a robust and high yield process for the preparation of Tazobactam having cresol content below 5 ppm. A further purpose of the invention is to provide a manufacturing method that yields Tazobactam and its related intermediates with high purity and productivity.
Scheme:
Figure imgf000009_0001
Preparation of Tazobactam (I)
Into m-cresol was added benzhydryl 3-methyl-7-oxo-3-(lH-l,2,3-triazol-l- ylmethyl)-4-thia-l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate 4,4-dioxide (VI) (5 g) and heated at 50-55°C till the completion of the reaction. The reaction mass was diluted with methyl isobutyl ketone. The reaction mass was extracted with sodium bicarbonate solution. The aqueous extract was acidified with hydrochloric acid to pH 3.0-4.0 and washed with methyl isobutyl ketone. Activated carbon was added, stirred and filtered. The filtrate was cooled to 0-5°C, and isopropyl alcohol (20 mL) was added followed by adjusting the pH to 1.0-2.0 using hydrochloric acid. The crystallized product was filtered, washed with water and dried.
Yield: 2.7 g
Purity: 99.9%
m-cresol content: 0.7 ppm
Example 5
Preparation of Tazobactam (I)
Into m-cresol was added benzhydryl 3-methyl-7-oxo-3-(lH-l,2,3-triazol-l- ylmethyl)-4-thia-l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate 4,4-dioxide (VI) (5 g) and heated at 70-75 °C till the completion of the reaction. The reaction mass was diluted with dichloromethane. The reaction mass was extracted with potassium carbonate solution. The aqueous extract was acidified with hydrochloric acid to pH 3.0-4.0 and washed with dichloromethane. Activated carbon was added, stirred and filtered. To the filtrate, methanol (20 mL) was added followed by adjusting the pH to 1.0-2.0 using hydrochloric acid at 22-27° C. The crystallized product was filtered, washed with water and dried.
Yield : 2.6g
Purity: 99.9%
m-cresol content : 0.24 ppm
Example 6
Preparation of Tazobactam (I)
Into m-cresol was added benzhydryl 3-methyl-7-oxo-3-(lH-l,2,3-triazol-l- ylmethyl)-4-thia-l-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate 4,4-dioxide (VI) (5 g) and heated at 60-65 °C till the completion of the reaction. The reaction mass was diluted with dichloromethane. The reaction mass was extracted with potassium carbonate solution. The aqueous extract was acidified with hydrochloric acid to pH 3.0-4.0 and washed with dichloromethane. Activated carbon was added, stirred and filtered. To the filtrate, ethanol (20 mL) was added followed by adjusting the pH to 1.0-2.0 using hydrochloric acid at 22-27° C. The crystallized product was filtered, washed with water and dried.
Yield : 2.6g
Purity: 99.9%
m- ere sol content : 0.31
Reference example- 1
The process disclosed (example-1) in US 4,925,934 was repeated to get Tazobactam
Figure imgf000021_0001
• The above table clearly indicates that the use of water-miscible solvents helps to reduce the m-cresol content to less than 1 ppm.
• The present process obviates the use of ion-exchange resin for the purification (Refer example-1 of US 7,674,898) and provides a robust process for the industrial production of Tazobactam having less than 5ppm, preferably less than lppm. The m-cresol content in tazobactam acid is determined using HPLC with the following parameters
Colum Zorbax SB C8 (150 x 4.6mm, 3.5μ).
Mobile phase Phosphate buffer: Acetonitile
Detector UV at 200 nm
Column temperature 30°C
Flow rate 0.8 mL/min
Run time 15 min.

PATENT

CN 102020663
Example 8:
 (I) in a three-necked flask were added CH2Cl2 300mL IOOOmL and 1. 5mol. [1H2SO4 lOOmL, stirring was added 81. 3g (0. 508mol) of bromine was cooled to 0 ° C after, Ilg sixteen burning trimethylammonium ammonium bromide and 35g (0. 508mol) sodium nitrite to the reaction mixture, with continuous stirring, was added portionwise 6-APA 55g (0. 254mol) and dissolved, and stirred at 0~5 ° C Ih, a solution of lmol . L-1 NaHSO3 to K1- starch paper test solution does not change color. And then allowed to stand separated, the aqueous layer was combined organic layer was extracted twice IOOmL CH2Cl2, washed successively with water, 7% aqueous NaHCO3, saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution, to give 6,6-dibromo-containing penicillanic acid in CH2Cl2 solution was used directly in the next reaction.
 (2) in IOOOmL three flask, 6,6_-dibromo penicillanic acid in CH2Cl2 solution (about 400ml), cooled to 5 ° C after the addition of benzhydrol 47g (254mmol), DCC (N, N- dicyclohexyl carbodiimide) 52. 3g (254mmol), 1. 8g of concentrated sulfuric acid was added and dissolved with stirring, at 5~10 ° C under stirring for 30min the reaction product was filtered off D⑶ DCC dehydrated to form the (N, N- two cyclohexylurea), liquor spotting, TLC [developing solvent V (cyclohexane): V (ethyl acetate) = 6: 4] to display all the raw materials after completion of the reaction on a rotary evaporator at 30~40 ° C steam dichloromethane, to give the 6,6-dibromo-penicillanic acid diphenylmethyl ester concentrate was used directly in the next reaction.
[0120] (3) obtained in the above Step 6,6-dibromo-penicillanic acid diphenylmethyl ester concentrate was added 500mL three flask, cooled with stirring to (TC, was added 0. 5g cobalt acetate Co (AC) 2 at 0~5 ° C dropping 50mL 30% H202, finished in 30min drip, drip completed at 0~5 ° C thermal reaction, TLC [developing solvent V (cyclohexane): V (ethyl acetate) = 6: 4] track to complete the reaction (about 4h). Still stratification, the organic layer was successively washed with water three times, after 7% NaHC03 was washed twice, the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure to give 6,6-dibromo-penicillanic alkylene acid diphenylmethyl ester sulfoxide The crude product without purification, was used directly in the next reaction.
 (4) the 6,6-dibromo-penicillanic acid diphenylmethyl ester sulfoxide The crude product was dissolved in 4001 ^ tetrahydrofuran, at 101: add 150mL 10% NH4Cl solution, zinc powder was added in four portions 82. 5g (127mol), at intervals IOmin, about 50min addition was completed, plus complete response at 0~10 ° C 30min. Plus zinc filtered through Celite, standing stratified rotating concentrated organic layer recovered tetrahydrofuran. Ethyl acetate was added to dissolve the concentrated solution, washed with water, saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, concentrated under reduced pressure (45 ° C or less) to just precipitate a solid, 0~5 ° C curing crystallization 3h, suction and the filter cake was dried in vacuo to give white crystals of 6,6-dihydro-penicillanic acid sulfoxide, diphenylmethyl ester 70g, 72% yield [6-APA to calculate, yield = weight of dry product / (6-APA was mass X 383)], mp 145 ~147 ° C (literature value of 145 ~148 ° C).
 (5) containing 6,6-dihydro-penicillanic acid sulfoxide, diphenylmethyl ester (70g, 0. 182mol), 2- trimethylsilyl-1,2,3-triazole (25. 7g, the 0. 182mol) and toluene (500mL) autoclave purged with nitrogen, then heated to 110~120 ° C, the reaction 4.5h. After cooling, toluene was evaporated, extracted with ethyl acetate (700mL), water (250mL) washed with saturated sodium chloride solution (250mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the solvent was evaporated, and recrystallized from ethanol to give 2a- A yl 23- (1,2,3-triazol-1-yl) methyl penicillanate -3 a- carboxylic acid, diphenylmethyl ester (white solid) 43.48g, 55% yield [yield = dry product Weight / (() • 182X434. 4)], mp 140 ~142 ° C (literature values ​​141 ~143 ° C).
 (6) The 2a- methyl 2 P – (1,2,3`_ triazol _1_ yl) methyl penicillanate _3 a – carboxylic acid diphenylmethyl ester 43. 48g (0.1OOmoI ) was dissolved in 35mL of acetone, was added 70mL of water and 105mL of glacial acetic acid, cooled to 0~5 ° C, was added with stirring a mixture of KMnO4 (23. 7g KMnO4,16. 5g of concentrated phosphoric acid, and 520ml water), with 5mol. L- phosphate, pH was adjusted to 1 6.5, the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3h. 30% hydrogen peroxide was added dropwise to the reaction solution colorless, filtered, and the resulting crude product was recrystallized from methanol to give 40. 6g as a white solid (2 a- methyl 2 ¢ – (1, 2,3- triazol-1-yl) methylpenicillanate _3 a – carboxylic acid diphenylmethyl ester-dioxide), 87% yield [yield = weight of dry product / (0 100X466.7).]. mp 205~207 ° C (206 ~208 literature values ​​..).
 (7) in 500ml reaction flask was added 2 a- methyl 2 ¢ – (1, 2,3- triazol-1-yl) methyl penicillanate _3 a- two carboxylic acid diphenylmethyl ester oxide 40. 6g (0. 087mol) and 200mL (2mol) between A sprinkle, stirred until solid was completely dissolved, 80 ° C the reaction was kept 4h, cooled to room temperature, was added 600mL of methyl isobutyl ketone, with IOOmL 7% carbonate solution of sodium hydroxide wash, the aqueous layer was separated, the organic layer was washed twice with 150ml, the combined aqueous layer was cooled to 0~5 ° C, with 6mol. L-1 hydrochloric acid to adjust the pH to I~1. 8, white crystals precipitated, pumping filter, 80 ° C drying, dry goods tazobactam 15. 2g, 58% yield [yield = dry goods weight / (0. 087X300. 3)] o mp 136 ~137 ° C (literature value of 136 ~ 138 ° C).
Figure CN102020663BD00061

 PATENT

  • methods of producing β-substituted methyl penam derivatives. For instance, US 4,529,592 discloses a process which involves the treatment of 2α-methyl-2β-azidomethyl penam derivatives of formula (c):
    Figure imgb0003
    wherein R is a carboxy-protecting group, with acetylene, an acetylene derivative or a vinyl derivative under high pressure in a sealed reactor and at elevated temperatures, followed by deprotection with a suitable reagent to get the β-lactamase inhibitor of formula (a).
  • The 2α-methyl-2β-azidomethyl penam derivative of formula (c) is in turn prepared from the 2α-methyl-2β-halomethyl penam derivatives of formula (d)
    Figure imgb0004
    wherein R is a carboxy-protecting group and X is chloro or bromo, by treating with sodium azide in aqueous polar aprotic solvents, followed by oxidation.
  • US 4,891,369 and US 4,933,444 disclose a different approach, which involves the preparation of 2α-methyl-2β-triazolylmethylpenam derivatives of formula (e) wherein R is a carboxy protecting group and n is 0, by the treatment of a β-halomethyl penam derivative of formula (d), wherein X is chlorine or bromine and R is a carboxy-protecting group, with 1H-1,2,3-triazole.
    Figure imgb0005
    The product obtained can be oxidized and deprotected to get the 2β-substituted methyl penam compound (a).
  • US 4,912,213 discloses a reduction method employing lead salts in catalytic amounts to prepare a 2α-methyl-2β-triazolylmethyl penam derivative of formula (e) (n=0-2) from 6-halo or 6,6-dihalo-2α-methyl-2β-triazolylmethyl penam derivatives of formula (f)
    Figure imgb0006
    where X may be Cl, Br, I; Y may be Cl, Br, I or a hydrogen atom; and R is a carboxy-protecting group.
  • In yet another method disclosed by US 4,895,941, penam sulfoxide of formula (g), wherein R represents a carboxy-protecting group, is treated with 2-trimethylsilyl-1,2,3-triazole in a sealed tube at elevated temperatures to give a mixture which requires purification by column chromatography to isolate the 2α-methyl-2β-triazolylmethyl penam derivative of formula (e) (n=0).
    Figure imgb0007
  • As an alternative to the hydrogenation, US 4,925,934 discloses a deblocking method for a 2α-methyl-2β-triazolylmethyl penam derivative of formula (h) by reaction with cresol
    Figure imgb0008
    where R is selected from p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl, diphenylmethyl, ditolylmethyl, dianisylmethyl or tert-butyl.
  • [0009]
    Published application US 2003/232983 discloses a complete different route of synthesis for 2α-methyl-2β-triazolylmethyl-penam derivatives starting from cepham derivates of formula (i) by substitution and rearrangement
    Figure imgb0009
    where R represents a carboxy-protecting group and L a leaving group.
  • In most of the methods involved, 2α-methyl-2β-halomethyl penam of formula (d) is used as the key intermediate. This is true with both the azide/acetylene combo and the triazole route discussed above. However, the 2α-methyl-2β-halomethyl penam of formula (d) itself is an unstable intermediate and therefore manufacturing and storage of this intermediate in large quantities is always cumbersome. This intermediate has been found to degrade on storage even at low temperatures in isolated form as well as in the solution from which it is isolated. Thus, all the operations related to preparation of the intermediate have to be done rapidly, and the isolated intermediate has to be converted to the final product immediately. As a result of these limitations, in-plant scale up always yields by-products which ultimately require purification demands.
Example 1: Preparation of Tazobactam Sodium by route A. (Fig. 1)Step 1.
      Production of 6α-Bromopenicillanic acid (BPA) (compound II)
    • 2.5 L of 1.24 molar sulphuric acid (3.125 mol) was stirred at 4°C in a 6 L flask. 218.4 g (1.0 mol) of 6-APA (99%) (compound I) following 601 g (5.05 mol) of potassium bromide and 2000 mL of ethanol were added, maintaining the temperature between 4 to 8°C. Inorganic salts were removed by filtration. The resulting cake was washed by 2 x 1.25 L of cooled dichloromethane. The aqueous phase was extracted twice using the previous washing liquor and 3 x 500 mL of cooled dichloromethane. The organic phases were combined (approx. 4.0 L) and washed with 2 x 200 mL of 30% brine at 4°C. The greenish-brown solution was concentrated to 700 mL in vacuum. The precipitate was removed by filtration and the solution was kept below 0°C and used without further purification in the next reaction step.
      Yield: 90% (by titration)
      TLC (thin layer chromatography; detection by UV and phosphomolybdic acid, eluent: acetone – methanol 2:1 v/v): Rf 0.65 (BPA), (eluent: acetone – methanol 4:1 v/v) Rf 0.35 (BPA)
Step 2
      . Production of 6α-Bromopenicillanic acid-S-oxide (BPO) (compound III)
    • 1.8 mol of BPA in 1400 mL of dichloromethane was placed in a 4 L flask. The temperature of the solution was maintained between 0 to 2°C. 2.0 mol peracetic acid in acetic acid solution (342 mL, 40 wt.-% peracetic acid) was added within 100 to 120 minutes, maintaining the temperature of the solution between 0 to 8°C. The color of the solution changed to yellowish-brown. The solution was stirred further 1 hour at 0 to 8°C. The product crystallizes. The slurry was cooled to -10 to -15°C and stirred further 30 minutes then filtered. The cake was washed with 2 x 400 mL of dichloromethane at -10°C. The product was dried at 20 – 25°C in vacuum. The crude product was kept below 0°C and used without further purification immediately (storage time 1 to 2 days) in the next reaction step.
      Yield: 314 – 331g (58,9 – 62.1 %)    Mp: 130 °C (decomp.)
      Cumulative yield of 1st and 2nd steps: 51- 52%
      TLC (detection by UV and phosphornolybdic acid, eluent: acetone – methanol 2:1 v/v)
      Rf 0.65 (BPA), Rf 0.45 (BPO)
      The yield can be improved using higher concentrated peracetic acid.
Step 3
      . Production of 6α-Bromopenicillanic acid-S-oxide p-nitrobenzyl ester (BPE) (compound IV)
    • In a 4 L flask 272.44 g (0.92 mol) of BPO was dissolved in 120 mL DMF at 25°C. 100.8 g (1,2 mol) of sodium hydrogencarbonate and 229.0 g (1.06 mol) of p-nitrobenzylbromide (PNM) were added portionwise. The slurry was cooled and stirred at 0 to 5°C for one hour. The product was filtered and washed with 2 x 800 mL of cold water. The wet product was placed in a 2 L flask and 1200 mL of methanol was added. The slurry was refluxed for one hour, cooled to -10°C and filtered. The cake was washed with 2 x 800 mL of methanol at -10°C. The product was dried at 25 – 30°C in vacuum and stored at 0°C without further purification in the next reaction step.
      Yield: 334.8 g (84.4%)    Mp: 130 °C (decomp.)
      Cumulative yield of 1st, 2nd and 3rd steps: 46%
      TLC (detection by UV, eluent: acetone – methanol 2:1 v/v) Rf 0.75 (BPE), Rf 0.65 (BPO);
      (eluent: ethyl acetate – hexane 2:1 v/v) Rf 0.50 (BPE), Rf 0.00 (BPO)
Step 4.
      Production of 2-(2-Benzothiazolyldithio)-3-bromo-α-(1-methylethylidene)-4-oxo-1-azetidincacetic acid p-nitrobenzyl ester (BBE) (compound V)
    • In a 4 L flask 140.84 g (0.826 mol) of 95% 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and 345.0 g BPE (0.8 mol) were dissolved in 1360 mL toluene when the solution was heated to 86 – 90°C and an azeotropic mixture of toluene-water was distilled at 450 to 500 mbar. After 3 to four hours, 14 to 16 mL of water was removed using a Dean-Stark apparatus maintaining the temperature between 86 to 90°C. If unreacted BPE could be detected by TLC, a small amount of 2 to 8 g of MBT was added. The solution was refluxed until no starting material could be detected by TLC.
    • The solution was evaporated in vacuum between 60 to 70°C. The residual oil was dissolved in 1200 mL of ethyl acetate. After cooling the product crystallizes. The slurry was concentrated in vacuum below 50 °C to 800 mL and 1200 mL isopropyl ether was added to give a well-filterable crystalline slurry that was cooled below 20°C and stirred for additional 24 hours. Subsequently, the product was filtered and washed with 2 x 500 mL cooled isopropyl ether. The product was dried in vacuum between 25 – 30°C.
      Yield: 412.8 g (88.9%)    Mp.: 116-119°C
      Cumulative yield of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th steps: 41%
      TLC (detection by UV, eluent: isopropyl ether – ethyl acetate 99:1 v/v) Rr 0.65 (BBE)
Step 5
      . Production of 6α-Bromo-2β-bromomethyl-2α-methylpenam-3α carboxylic acid p-nitrobenzyl ester (DBPE) (compound VI)
    • In a 4 L flask 290.24 g (0.5 L) of BBE was dissolved in 1500 mL dichloromethane. The solution was cooled to -2°C. 540 mL of 30% aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide (2.52 mol) was added, keeping the temperature below 0°C. A solution of 103.5 g (1.5 mol) sodium nitrite in 300 mL was added keeping the temperature between 0 to 3 °C. Meanwhile the colour of the organic phase turned to brown. The reaction mixture was stirred about 90 min at 0 to 5 °C until the starting material could not be detected by TLC. 80 g of sodium carbonate (0.75 mol) was added, adjusting the pH to between 6 and 7. The reaction mixture was filtered using perlite as a filter aid. The precipitate was washed with 3 x 100 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic layer was separated and concentrated to 700 mL. The solution was cooled to 20 °C and two litres of isopropyl ether were added slowly. The crystalline suspension was stirred 16 hours at 20 °C and two hours at 0 °C. It was filtered and the product was washed with 2 x 300 mL of cooled isopropyl ether. The product was dried at 20 to 25 °C in vacuum.
      Yield: 235.84 g (95.5%)    Mp.: 80 °C (decomp.)
      Purity: min. 95 %
      Cumulative yield of 1st – 5th steps: 39%
      The product is sensitive to light and decomposes on silica gel to give cepham.
      TLC (detection by UV, eluent: isopropyl ether – ethyl acetate 99:1 v/v) Rf 0.72 (DBPE),
      Rf 0.65 (BBE), Rf 0.57 (cepham)
Step 6
      . Production of 6α-Bromo-2β-azidomethyl-2α-methylpenam-3α-carboxylic acid p-nitrobenzyl ester (BTPE) (compound VII)
    • In a 2 L flask 292.3 g (342 mL, 2.664 mol) trimethylsilylchloride was dissolved in 1300 mL of toluene. 210.1 g (3.20 mol) sodium azide was added and the suspension was stirred and refluxed. The reaction was traced by GC. After 10 to 16 hours less than 0.1% of the starting material could be detected. The suspension was cooled to -5 to 0°C and was filtered (or decanted). The solution (1580 mL) contains 2.40 mol of trimethylsilylazide, which is volatile (Bp: 95°C) and a toxic compound.
    • In a 2 L flask 52.63 g (23.7 mL, 0.2 mol) tin(IV) chloride was added to a toluene solution of 2.4 mol of trimethylsilylazide between 20 – 25°C. The solution was stirred 24 hours at 20 – 25 °C while some white precipitate appeared. 197.7 g (0.4 mol) DBPE was added. The suspension was stirred 40 to 70 hours while brown gum appeared. The formation of azide was traced by TLC (eluent isopropyl ether – ethyl acetate 99:1 v/v) Rf 0.72 (DBPE), Rf 0.61 (BAPE), Rf 0.58 (cephambromide) Rf 0.40 (cephamazide).
    • Conversion of the starting material to product was less than 50% after 40 hours. Additionally, 0.2 mol of tin (IV) chloride was added, which accelerated the formation of BAPE.
    • After no starting material could be detected by TLC, the reaction mixture was quenched with 1200 mL of saturated sodium carbonate solution at 5-10°C. The insoluble material was dissolved by 400 mL ethyl acetate and added to the sodium carbonate solution. The biphasic reaction mixture was stirred 15 minutes, The pH of the lower aqueous phase was between 8 and 9. Perlite (50 g) as a filter aid was added and the suspension was filtered. The cake was washed with 2 x 200 mL of ethyl acetate.
    • The combined filtrates were poured into a 5 L separating funnel and the lower aqueous phase was removed and extracted with 2 x 200 mL ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed by 200 mL saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and 200 mL brine. The solvent was removed in vacuum and the residue was suspended in 1000 mL methanol at 0 – 5 °C. The crystalline suspension was stirred 2 to 3 hours at 0 – 5 °C and filtered. The product was washed with 200 mL diisopropyl ether and dried in vacuum at 20 – 25 °C.
      Yield: 153.8 g (84.3%)
      Purity: 68 ― 70% (by HPLC: mobile phase 0.05 M KH2PO4 – acetonitrile 1:1, pH 6,
      Rf 14.33 min)
      Cumulative yield of 1st – 6th steps: 33%
Step 7
      . Production of 6α-Bromo-2β-[(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl]-2α-methylpenam-3α-carboxylic acid p-nitrobenzyl ester (BTPE) (compound VIII)
    • In a 1 L autoclave 7.6 g (50 mmol) BAPE was dissolved in 640 mL 2-butanone. The solution was cooled down to 0 – 5 °C. The autoclave was pressured three times with nitrogen gas up to six bar. The autoclave was filled with acetylene gas up to 1.5 bar pressure and approx. 36 g acetylene gas was dissolved. The autoclave was heated gradually from 0 °C up to 84 – 94 °C, keeping the pressure between 5 – 6 bar. The reaction mixture was stirred in the autoclave 14 – 20 hours at 84 to 94 °C and pressure of 5 to 6 bar. No starting material was detected by TLC (eluent hexane – ethyl acetate 1:2 v/v) Rf> 0.9 (BAPE), Rf 0.51 (BTPE), Rf0.32 (cephamtriazole).
    • The autoclave was cooled down to -20 to -25 °C and 7.6 g BAPE in 50 mL 2-butanone solution was added. The autoclave was heated again to 84 – 94 °C and the reaction mixture was stirred 14 to 20 hours at 84 – 94 °C. The autoclave was cooled and the procedure was repeated with 7.6 g BAPE. The autoclave was cooled down to 20 – 25 °C and opened. The reaction mixture was poured into a 1 L flask and was concentrated in vacuum up to 140 mL. The solution was cooled to 0 – 5°C. The crystalline suspension was stirred for 1 hour and was filtered. The product was washed with 40 mL cool 2-butanone. The product was dried in vacuum at 25 – 30 °C.
      Yield: 13.51 g (56.0%)    Mp.: 180-182°C (decomp.)
      Purity: 98.6% (by HPLC: mobile phase 0.05 M KH2PO4 – acetonitrile 1:1, pH 6,
      Rf 8.40 min)
      Cumulative yield of 1st– 7th steps: 18%
Step 8
      . Production of p-Nitrobenzyl 6α-bromo-2α-methyl-2β-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methylpenam-3α -carboxylate-1,1-dioxide (compound. IX)
    • To a solution of 4.82 g (10.00 mmol) of BTPE in a mixture of 210 ml of acetic acid and 27 ml of water, 3.79 g (23.6 mmol) of KMnO4was added in 30 minutes at room temperature. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. When the reaction was complete, the excess of KMnO4 was destroyed by 30 % H2O2 solution. The reaction mixture was poured into 930 mL of cold water, the precipitated product was filtered and washed with cold water and dried over P2O5, giving compound IX.
      Yield: 4,12 g (80 %)
      Purity: more than 95 % (HPLC)    Mp.: 122-124°C
      TLC (detection by UV, eluent: ethyl acetate – hexane 2:1 v/v) Rf0.51 (VIII), Rf 0.23 (IX)
Step 9
      . Production of Tetrabutylammonium 2α-methyl-2β-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methylpenam-3α -carboxylate-1,1-dioxide (compound Xa)
    • A stainless steel stirred autoclave with a total volume of 1 L was charged with 5.1 g (10 mmol) of compound IX, 2.5 g (30 mmol) of NaHCO3, 1.0 g of 10 % Pd on charcoal, 100 mL of water and 100 mL of ethyl acetate. The autoclave was sealed and flushed with argon, then pressured with hydrogen up to 14 bars. The hydrogenation was carried out at room temperature for 5 h. Completion of the reaction was checked by TLC. The mixture was filtered and the filter washed with water. The aqueous phase was separated, washed with ethyl acetate (2 × 10 mL) and Bu4NNaSO4solution (prepared from 340 mg (1 mmol) of Bu4NHSO4 and 84 mg (1 mmol) of NaHCO3 in 5 mL of water) added. The aqueous solution was extracted with dichloromethane (5 x 10 ml). The combined dichloromethane phases were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness keeping the temperature of the water bath below 20 °C.
      Yield: 0.39 g (75 %)
      Purity: 95.5 % (HPLC)
      HPLC mobile phase: 0.05 M KH2PO4 buffer, pH 2.3
      Eluent A: 95 % of 0.05 M KH2PO4 buffer (pH 2.3) plus 5 % acetonitrile
      Eluent B: 40 % of 0.05 M KH2PO4 buffer (pH 2.3) plus 60 % acetonitrile
      Retention time: 11.53 min
      Column: RP-18 endcapped (5µm, 250 mm)
      TLC (detection by UV and 1 % AgNO3 in ethanolic solution, eluent: ethyl acetate – hexane 2:1 v/v) Rf 0.23 (IX); (eluent: acetone -methanol 2:1 v/v) Rf 0.48 (Xa)
Step 10.
    Production of Sodium 2α-methyl-2β-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methylpenam-3α-carboxylate-1,1-dioxide (Tazobactam sodium)
  • The residue containing compound Xa (0.40 g) was eluted with water on a column of Amberlite-Na+ cation-exchange resin. The appropriate fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure and finally lyophilized, yielding Tazobactam sodium.
    Yield: 0.21 g (85 %)
    Purity: 99.5 % (HPLC)
    HPLC mobile phase: 0.05 M KH2PO4 buffer, pH 2.3
    Eluent A: 95 % of 0.05 M KH2PO4 buffer (pH 2.3) plus 5 % acetonitrile
    Eluent B: 40 % of 0.05 M KH2PO4 buffer (pH 2.3) plus 60 % acetonitrile
    Retention time: 11.53 min
    Column: RP-18 cndcapped (5µm, 250 mm)

PATENT

Tazobactam arginine can be a salt consisting of the conjugate base of (2S,3S,5R)-3-((1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-methyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid 4,4-dioxide (tazobactam) and the conjugate acid of (S)-2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid (L-arginine) in a 1:1 ratio, as represented by the structure below.
Figure US08476425-20130702-C00001

References

  1. Yang Y, Rasmussen BA, Shlaes DM (1999). “Class A beta-lactamases—enzyme-inhibitor interactions and resistance”. Pharmacol Ther. 83: 141–151. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(99)00027-3.
CN1037514AMar 1, 1989Nov 29, 1989大鹏药品工业株式会社Process for preparing 2 alpha-methyl-2 beta-(1,2,3-triazole-1-yl) methylpenam-3 alpha-carboxylic acid derivatives
US7674898*Jul 23, 2001Mar 9, 2010Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.Anhydrous crystal of β-lactam compound and method for preparation thereof
REFERENCE
1*LI YANG ET AL.: ‘Synthesis of Tazobactam, [beta- Lactamase Inhibitor‘ TRANSACTIONS OF TIANJIN UNIVERSITY vol. 8, no. 1, March 2002, pages 33 – 36

TAZOBACTAM
Tazobactam.svg
Tazobactam ball-and-stick.png
SYSTEMATIC (IUPAC) NAME
(2S,3S,5R)-3-Methyl-7-oxo-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid 4,4-dioxide
CLINICAL DATA
AHFS/DRUGS.COMInternational Drug Names
PREGNANCY
CATEGORY
  • B
LEGAL STATUS
  •  (Prescription only)
ROUTES OF
ADMINISTRATION
Intravenous
IDENTIFIERS
CAS NUMBER89786-04-9 Yes
ATC CODEJ01CG02
PUBCHEMCID: 123630
DRUGBANKDB01606 Yes
CHEMSPIDER110216 Yes
UNIISE10G96M8W Yes
KEGGD00660 Yes
CHEBICHEBI:9421 Yes
CHEMBLCHEMBL404 Yes
CHEMICAL DATA
FORMULAC10H12N4O5S
MOLECULAR MASS300.289 g/mol
PATENTSUBMITTEDGRANTED
2-OXO-1-AZETIDINE SULFONIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS POTENT BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS [EP0979229]2000-02-162002-10-23
DHA-pharmaceutical agent conjugates of taxanes [US7199151]2004-09-162007-04-03
Antimicrobial composition comprising a vinyyl pyrrolidinon derivative and a carbapenem antibiotic or a beta-lactamase inhibitor [EP0911030]1999-04-282005-04-13
7-alkylidene-3-substituted-3-cephem-4-carboxylates as beta-lactamase inhibitors [US7488724]2006-04-062009-02-10
Sustained release of antiinfectives [US7718189]2006-04-062010-05-18
Conjugate of fine porous particles with polymer molecules and the utilization thereof [US2006159715]2006-07-20
ENGINEERED BACTERIOPHAGES AS ADJUVANTS FOR ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF [US2010322903]2009-01-122010-12-23
Microparticles for the treatment of disease [US2010323019]2010-08-192010-12-23
Packaging System [US2010326868]2010-08-302010-12-30
COMBINATION ANTIBIOTIC AND ANTIBODY THERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTION [US2010272736]2010-02-042010-10-28
CITING PATENTFILING DATEPUBLICATION DATEAPPLICANTTITLE
CN102304139A*Jul 12, 2011Jan 4, 2012景德镇市富祥药业有限公司Method for preparing 2 beta-methyl penicillanate benzhydryl dioxide
CN102304139BJul 12, 2011Jun 4, 2014江西富祥药业股份有限公司Method for preparing 2 beta-methyl penicillanate benzhydryl dioxide
CN102382123A*Mar 10, 2011Mar 21, 2012海南美好西林生物制药有限公司Preparation method of tazobactam sodium
CN102827189A*Sep 18, 2012Dec 19, 2012山东罗欣药业股份有限公司Tazobactam sodium compound and pharmaceutical composition thereof
US8476425Sep 27, 2012Jul 2, 2013Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Tazobactam arginine compositions
US8906898May 28, 2014Dec 9, 2014Calixa Therapeutics, Inc.Solid forms of ceftolozane
US8968753May 22, 2014Mar 3, 2015Calixa Therapeutics, Inc.Ceftolozane-tazobactam pharmaceutical compositions
US9044485Apr 11, 2014Jun 2, 2015Calixa Therapeutics, Inc.Ceftolozane antibiotic compositions
/////////
O=S2(=O)[C@]([C@@H](N1C(=O)C[C@H]12)C(=O)O)(Cn3nncc3)C
or
CC1(C(N2C(S1(=O)=O)CC2=O)C(=O)O)CN3C=CN=N3






















/////////
http://newdrugapprovals.org/2015/12/09/tazobactam/

Monday, 7 December 2015

SEMAPIMOD


Semapimod cs.svg
Semapimod Mesylate
CPSI-2364,  AXD-455,  CN-1493, CNI 1493
CAS No. 352513-83-8(Semapimod base)
Cas 164301-51-3   4x HCl
 CAS 872830-80-3 (Semapimod mesylate)
MW 1129
CROHNS DISEASE, PHASE 1
N,N'-bis[3,5-bis[(E)-N-(diaminomethylideneamino)-C-methylcarbonimidoyl]phenyl]decanediamide
Decanediamide, N,N'-bis[3,5-bis[1-[(aminoiminomethyl)hydrazono]ethyl]phenyl]-, methanesulfonate
N,N'-Bis(3,5-bis(1-(carbamimidoylhydrazono)ethyl)phenyl)decanediamide

A nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor and a p38 MAPK inhibitor potentially for the treatment of Crohn's disease.
 Semapimod, a small molecule known to inhibit proinflammatory cytokine activity, was studied to determine the optimal dose necessary to achieve a response in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD).
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract and characterized by abdominal pain, weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding and formation of fistulas between loops of bowel and from the bowel to the skin or other organs. Current therapy for active Crohn's disease consists of symptomatic treatment, nutritional therapy, salicylates and immunosuppressants or surgical management.
Tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) plays a central role in the initiation and amplification of the granulomatous inflammatory reaction seen in CD (van Deventer, 1997). Increased TNF-a is present in gut mucosa as well as in stool of patients with active CD (Braegger et al, 1992). CNI-1493 is a synthetic guanylhydrazone compound that is an inhibitor of TNF-a synthesis. A monoclonal antibody to TNF, infliximab, is now approved for treatment of CD, but not all patients respond and many who do respond eventually become refractory to this treatment as well.
CNI-1493 is a synthetic compound which blocks the production of several inflammatory cytokines, including TNF. Because it blocks production of multiple inflammatory mediators, it may be more active than products targeted to a specific cytokine. In addition, as it is not a biologic, it should not cause hypersensitivity reactions or induce formation of antibodies.
The purpose of this trial is to determine if CNI-1493 is safe and effective in treating patients with moderate to severe Crohn's Disease in a placebo controlled setting.........https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00038766
Semapimod (INN), formerly known as CNI-1493, is an investigational new drug which has anti-inflammatory,[1] anti-cytokine,[2] immunomodulatory,[3] antiviral[4] and antimalarial[5] properties.

History

Semapimod was developed at the former Picower Institute for Medical Research, and is now licensed to Cytokine PharmaSciences. In 2000, Cytokine PharmaSciences licensed anti-infective applications of semapimod to Axxima Pharmaceuticals, but Axxima became insolvent in Dec. 2004 and its assets were acquired by GPC Biotech, which has recently merged into Agennix AG[1]. Although the disposition of Axxima's partial rights to semapimod was not specified in these merger announcements, Cytokine PharmaSciences does not currently list any licensees for semapimod on its website.

Mechanism of action

Semapimod was first developed to inhibit nitric oxide synthesis by inflammatory macrophages, via inhibition of the uptake of arginine which macrophages require for nitric oxide synthesis.[1] Subsequently it was found that suppression of nitric oxide synthesis occurred even at semapimod concentrations 10-fold less than required for inhibition of arginine uptake, suggesting that this molecule was a more general inhibitor of inflammatory responses.[2] Further work revealed that semapimod suppressed the translation efficiency of tumor necrosis factor production.[6] Specifically, semapimod was found to be an inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase activation.[7] Surprisingly, however, the primary mode of action in vivo is now thought to be via stimulation of the vagus nerve, thereby down-regulating inflammatory pathways via the recently discovered cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.[8][9]

Pharmacology and clinical trials

In a preclinical study in rats, semapimod was found to suppress cytokine-storm induction by the anticancer cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) without decreasing its anticancer properties, allow larger doses of IL-2 to be administered.[10] A subsequent phase I trial in humans failed to show an increase in the tolerated dose of IL-2, although indications of pharmacological activity as an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor production were observed.[11]
In a preliminary clinical trial of semapimod in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease, positive clinical changes were observed, including endoscopic improvement, positive responses in some patients not responding to infliximab, healing of fistulae, and indications for tapering of steroids; no significant adverse effects were observed.[12]
In a small clinical trial against post-ERCP pancreatitis, significant suppression was not observed, although investigators observed a significant reduction of the incidence of hyperamylasemia and the levels of post-ERCP amylase.[13]
In the clinical trials above, semapimod tetrahydrochloride was administered by intravenous injection. This route has drawbacks such as dose-limiting phlebitis.[2] Recently Cytokine PharmaSciences has announced the development of novel salt forms of semapimod which are said to be orally absorbable; a phase I clinical trial of one of these salt forms, CPSI-2364, has been completed, and a phase II trial is planned for 2010.[3][4]

Chemistry

Semapimod is synthesized by reacting 3,5-diacetylaniline[14] with sebacoyl chloride in the presence of pyridine, followed by reaction of the resulting tetraketone with aminoguanidine hydrochloride.[1]

 

PATENT


  • N,N′-bis(3,5-diacetylphenyl) decanediamide tetrakis (amidinohydrazone) tetrahydrochloride (CNI-1493), which has the following structural formula:
  •  

SYNTHESIS

The reaction of decanedioyl dichloride (I) with 3,5-diacetylaniline (II) by means of pyridine in dichloromethane gives the corresponding diamide (III), which is condensed with aminoguanidine (IV) in refluxing aqueous ethanol to afford the target tetrakis amidinohydrazone.  EP 0746312; EP 1160240; US 5599984; WO 9519767
http://www.google.com/patents/EP0746312A1?cl=en

References




Semapimod.png

PatentSubmittedGranted
NORMALIZATION OF CULTURE OF CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS [US2015044178]2012-12-272015-02-12
 
PatentSubmittedGranted
Neural tourniquet [US2005282906]2005-12-22 
Guanylhydrazone Salts, Compositions, Processes of Making, and Methods of Using [US2008262090]2008-10-23 
Protective role of semapimod in necrotizing enterocolitis [US7795314]2007-12-062010-09-14
METHOD OF TREATING ILEUS BY PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVATION OF CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS [US2011112128]2011-05-12 
Method of treating ileus by pharmacological activation of cholinergic receptors [US2007213350]2007-09-13 
Pharmaceutically active aromatic guanylhydrazones [US2005171176]2005-08-04 
Guanylhydrazone salts, compositions, processes of making and methods of using [US7244765]2006-01-192007-07-17
GUANYLHYDRAZONE SALTS, COMPOSITIONS, PROCESSES OF MAKING, AND METHODS OF USING [US8034840]2008-06-192011-10-11
METHOD FOR TREATING GLIOBLASTOMAS AND OTHER TUMORS [US2014323576]2014-03-142014-10-30
Methods of treatment of fatty liver disease by pharmacological activation of cholinergic pathways [US8865641]2012-06-142014-10-21
Semapimod
Semapimod cs.svg
Semapimod sf.gif
Systematic (IUPAC) name
N,N'-bis[3,5-bis[N-(diaminomethylideneamino)-C-methylcarbonimidoyl]phenyl] decanediamide tetrahydrochloride
Identifiers
CAS Number164301-51-3 Yes
352513-83-8 (base)
ATC codeNone
PubChemCID: 5745214
UNII9SGW2H1K8P Yes
ChEMBLCHEMBL2107779
Chemical data
FormulaC34H56Cl4N18O2
Molecular mass890.73984 g/mol
/////////Semapimod Mesylate,  CPSI-2364,  AXD-455,  CN-149, PHASE 1, FERRING, CNI 1493

CC(=NN=C(N)N)C1=CC(=CC(=C1)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)NC2=CC(=CC(=C2)C(=NN=C(N)N)C)C(=NN=C(N)N)C)C(=NN=C(N)N)C






//////////
see.......http://newdrugapprovals.org/2015/12/06/semapimod/

Tuesday, 17 November 2015

New 5-​Substituted-​N-​(piperidin-​4-​ylmethyl)​-​1H-​indazole-​3-​carboxamides: Potent Glycogen Synthase Kinase-​3 (GSK-​3) Inhibitors in Model of Mood Disorders

str1

CAS 1452582-16-9, 428.47, C23 H26 F2 N4 O2
1H-​Indazole-​3-​carboxamide, 5-​(2,​3-​difluorophenyl)​-​N-​[[1-​(2-​methoxyethyl)​-​4-​piperidinyl]​methyl]​-
Aziende Chimiche Riunite Angelini Francesco A.C.R.A.F. S.P.A.

1 H-indazole-3-carboxamide compounds acting as glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-33) inhibitors and to their use in the treatment of GSK-33-related disorders such as (i) insulin-resistance disorders; (ii) neurodegenerative diseases; (iii) mood disorders; (iv) schizophrenic disorders; (v) cancerous disorders; (vi) inflammation, (vii) substance abuse disorders; (viii) epilepsies; and (ix) neuropathic pain.
Protein kinases constitute a large family of structurally related enzymes, which transfer phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules (such as adenosine triphosphate, ATP) to specific substrates, usually proteins. After phosphorylation, the substrate undergoes to a functional change, by which kinases can modulate various biological functions.
In general, protein kinases can be divided in several groups, according to the substrate that is phosphorylated. For example, serine/threonine kinase phosphorylates the hydroxyl group on the side chain of serine or threonine aminoacid.
Glycogen synthase kinases 3 (GSK-3) are constitutively active multifunctional enzymes, quite recently discovered, belonging to the serine/threonine kinases group.
Human GSK-3 are encoded by two different and independent genes, which leads to GSK-3a and GSK-33 proteins, with molecular weights of about 51 and 47 kDa, respectively. The two isoforms share nearly identical sequences in their kinase domains, while outside of the kinase domain, their sequences differ substantially (Benedetti et al., Neuroscience Letters, 2004, 368, 123-126). GSK-3a is a multifunctional protein serine kinase and GSK-33 is a serine-threonine kinase.
It has been found that GSK-33 is widely expressed in all tissues, with widespread expression in the adult brain, suggesting a fundamental role in neuronal signaling pathways (Grimes and Jope, Progress in Neurobiology, 2001, 65, 391-426). Interest in glycogen synthase kinases 3 arises from its role in various physiological pathways, such as, for example, metabolism, cell cycle, gene expression, embryonic development oncogenesis and neuroprotection (Geetha et al., British Journal Pharmacology, 2009, 156, 885-898).
GSK-33 was originally identified for its role in the regulation of glycogen synthase for the conversion of glucose to glycogen (Embi et al., Eur J Biochem, 1980, 107, 519-527). GSK-33 showed a high degree of specificity for glycogen synthase.
Type 2 diabetes was the first disease condition implicated with GSK- 3β, due to its negative regulation of several aspects of insulin signaling pathway. In this pathway 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK-1 ) activates PKB, which in turn inactivates GSK-33. This inactivation of GSK-33 leads to the dephosphorylation and activation of glycogen synthase, which helps glycogen synthesis (Cohen et al., FEBS Lett, 1997, 410, 3-10). Moreover, selective inhibitors of GSK-33 are expected to enhances insulin signaling in prediabetic insulin- resistant rat skeletal muscle, thus making GSK-33 an attractive target for the treatment of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in the pre-diabetic state (Dokken et al., Am J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2005, 288, E1 188-E1 194).
GSK-33 was also found to be a potential drug target in others pathological conditions due to insulin-resistance disorders, such as syndrome X, obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome (Ring DB et al., Diabetes, 2003, 52: 588-595).
It has been found that GSK-33 is involved in the abnormal phosphorylation of pathological tau in Alzheimer’s disease (Hanger et al., Neurosci. Lett, 1992, 147, 58-62; Mazanetz and Fischer, Nat Rev Drug Discov., 2007, 6, 464-479; Hong and Lee, J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 19547- 19553). Moreover, it was proved that early activation of GSK-33, induced by apolipoprotein ApoE4 and β-amyloid, could lead to apoptosis and tau hyperphosphorylation (Cedazo-Minguez et al., Journal of Neurochemistry, 2003, 87, 1 152- 1 164). Among other aspect of Alzheimer’s disease, it was also reported the relevance of activation of GSK-33 at molecular level (Hernandez and Avila, FEBS Letters, 2008, 582, 3848-3854).
Moreover, it was demonstrated that GSK-33 is involved in the genesis and maintenance of neurodegenerative changes associated with Parkinson’s disease (Duka T. et al., The FASEB Journal, 2009; 23, 2820- 2830).
Accordingly to these experimental observations, inhibitors of GSK-33 may find applications in the treatment of the neuropathological consequences and the cognitive and attention deficits associated with tauopathies; Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; Huntington’s disease (the involvement of GSK-33 in such deficits and diseases is disclosed in Meijer L. et al., TRENDS Pharm Sci, 2004; 25, 471 -480); dementia, such as, but not limited to, vascular dementia, post-traumatic dementia, dementia caused by meningitis and the like; acute stroke; traumatic injuries; cerebrovascular accidents; brain and spinal cord trauma; peripheral neuropathies; retinopathies and glaucoma (the involvement of GSK-33 in such conditions is disclosed in WO 2010/109005).
The treatment of spinal neurodegenerative disorders, like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy and neurodegeneration due to spinal cord injury has been also suggested in several studies related to GSK-33 inhibition, such as, for example in Caldero J. et al., “Lithium prevents excitotoxic cell death of motoneurons in organotypic slice cultures of spinal cord”, Neuroscience. 2010 Feb 17;165(4):1353-69, Leger B. et al., “Atrogin-1 , MuRF1 , and FoXO, as well as phosphorylated GSK-3beta and 4E-BP1 are reduced in skeletal muscle of chronic spinal cord-injured patients”, Muscle Nerve, 2009 Jul; 40(1 ):69-78, and Galimberti D. et al., “GSK33 genetic variability in patients with Multiple Sclerosis”, Neurosci Lett. 201 1 Jun 1 5;497(1 ):46- 8. Furthermore, GSK-33 has been linked to the mood disorders, such as bipolar disorders, depression, and schizophrenia.
Inhibition of GSK-33 may be an important therapeutic target of mood stabilizers, and regulation of GSK-33 may be involved in the therapeutic effects of other drugs used in psychiatry. Dysregulated GSK-33 in mood disorder, bipolar disorder, depression and schizophrenia could have multiple effects that could impair neural plasticity, such as modulation of neuronal architecture, neurogenesis, gene expression and the ability of neurons to respond to stressful, potentially lethal conditions (Jope and Ron, Curr. Drug Targets, 2006, 7, 1421- 1434).
The role of GSK-33 in mood disorder was highlighted by the study of lithium and valproate (Chen et al., J. Neurochem., 1999, 72, 1327- 1330; Klein and Melton, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996, 93, 8455-8459), both of which are GSK-33 inhibitors and are used to treat mood disorders. There are also existing reports from the genetic perspective supporting the role of GSK-33 in the disease physiology of bipolar disorder (Gould, Expert. Opin. Ther. Targets, 2006, 10, 377-392).
It was reported a decrease in AKT1 protein levels and its phosphorylation of GSK-33 at Serine-9 in the peripheral lymphocytes and brains of individuals with schizophrenia. Accordingly, this finding supports the proposal that alterations in AKT1 -GSK-33 signaling contribute to schizophrenia pathogenesis (Emamian et al., Nat Genet, 2004, 36, 131- 137).
Additionally, the role of GSK-33 in cancer is a well-accepted phenomenon.
The potential of small molecules that inhibit GSK-33 has been evidenced for some specific cancer treatments (Jia Luo, Cancer Letters, 2009, 273, 194-200). GSK-33 expression and activation are associated with prostate cancer progression (Rinnab et al., Neoplasia, 2008, 10, 624-633) and the inhibition of GSK3b was also proposed as specific target for pancreatic cancer (Garcea et al., Current Cancer Drug Targets, 2007, 7, 209-215) and ovarian cancer (Qi Cao et al., Cell Research, 2006, 16 671 -677). Acute inhibition of GSK-33 in colon-rectal cancer cells activates p53-dependent apoptosis and antagonizes tumor growth (Ghosh et al., Clin Cancer Res 2005, 1 1 , 4580-4588).
The identification of a functional role for GSK-33 in MLL-associated leukaemia suggests that GSK-33 inhibition may be a promising therapy that is selective for transformed cells that are dependent on HOX overexpression (Birch et al., Cancer Cell, 2010, 1 7, 529-531 ).
GSK-33 is involved in numerous inflammatory signalling pathways, for example, among others GSK-33 inhibition has been shown to induce secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 0. According to this finding, GSK-33 inhibitors could be useful to regulate suppression of inflammation (G. Klamer et al., Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2010, 17(26), 2873-2281, Wang et al., Cytokine, 2010, 53, 130-140).
GSK-33 inhibition has been also shown to attenuate cocaine-induced behaviors in mice. The administration of cocaine in mice pretreated with a GSK-33 inhibitor demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 reduced both the acute behavioral responses to cocaine and the long- term neuroadaptations produced by repeated cocaine (Cocaine-induced hyperactivity and sensitization are dependent on GSK3, Miller JS et al. Neuropharmacology. 2009 Jun; 56(8):1 1 16-23, Epub 2009 Mar 27).
The role of GSK-33 in the development of several forms of epilepsies has been demonstrated in several studies, which suggest that inhibition of GSK-33 could be a pathway for the treatment of epilepsy (Novel glycogen synthase kinase 3 and ubiquitination pathways in progressive myoclonus epilepsy, Lohi H et al., Hum Mol Genet. 2005 Sep 15;14(18):2727-36 and Hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of Tau in laforin-deficient mice, an animal model for Lafora disease, Purl R et al., J Biol Chem. 2009 Aug 21 ;284(34) 22657-63). The relationship between GSK-33 inhibition and treatment of neuropathic pain has been demonstrated in Mazzardo-Martins L. et al., “Glycogen synthase kinase 3-specific inhibitor AR-A014418 decreases neuropathic pain in mice: evidence for the mechanisms of action”, Neuroscience. 2012 Dec 13;226, and Xiaoping Gu et al., “The Role of Akt/GSK33 Signaling Pathway in Neuropathic Pain in Mice”, Poster A525, Anesthesiology 2012 October 13-17, 2012 Washington.
A review on GSK-33, its function, its therapeutic potential and its possible inhibitors is given in “GSK-33: role in therapeutic landscape and development of modulators” (S. Phukan et al., British Journal of Pharmacology (2010), 160, 1- 19).
WO 2004/014864 discloses 1 H-indazole-3-carboxamide compounds as selective cyclin-dependant kinases (CDK) inhibitors. Such compounds are assumed to be useful in the treatment of cancer, through a mechanism mediated by CDK2, and neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease, through a mechanism mediated by CDK5, and as anti-viral and anti-fungine, through a mechanism mediated by CDK7, CDK8 and CDK9.
Cyclin-dependant kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases, first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle. CDKs are also involved in regulating transcription, mRNA processing, and the differentiation of nerve cells. Such kinases activate only after their interaction and binding with regulatory subunits, namely cyclins.
Moreover, 1 H-indazole-3-carboxamide compounds were also described as analgesics in the treatment of chronic and neuropathic pain (see, for example, WO 2004/074275 and WO 2004/101 548) and as 5-HT4 receptor antagonists, useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, central nervous system disorders and cardiovascular disorders (see, for example, WO 1994/101 74).

Patent

WO 2013124158
Aziende Chimiche Riunite Angelini Francesco A.C.R.A.F. S.P.A.
SEE ENTRY 8
Figure imgf000020_0001
DMSO-de; δ 13.09 (s, 1 H), 8.23-8.42 (m, 2H), 7.72 (dd, J=0.82, 8.69 Hz, 1 H), 7.55 (td, J=1.76, 8.74 Hz, 1 H), 7.24-7.49 (m, 3H), 3.40 (t, J=6.04 Hz, 2H), 3.22 (s, 3H), 3.18 (d, J=6.40 Hz, 2H), 2.84 (d, J=11.53 Hz, 2H), 2.42 (t, J=5.95 Hz, 2H), 1.82- 2.02 (m, 2H), 1.41 -1.71 (m, 3H), 1.06-1.31 (m, 2H)

PAPER

Abstract Image

Hit Optimization of 5-Substituted-N-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamides: Potent Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) Inhibitors with in Vivo Activity in Model of Mood Disorders

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01208
Angelini S.p.A., Angelini Research Center, P.le della Stazione s.n.c., Santa Palomba-Pomezia, 00071 Rome, Italy
Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
J. Med. Chem., Article ASAP
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01208
Publication Date (Web): October 20, 2015
*(G.F.) Phone: +390691045265. E-mail: g.furlotti@angelini.it..,
*(A.G.) Phone: +3901071781571. E-mail: Angelo.Reggiani@iit.it.

Angelo Reggiani

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01208
Aziende Chimiche Riunite Angelini Francesco A.C.R.A.F. S.P.A.
Angelini S.p.A., Angelini Research Center,


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COCCN1CCC(CNC(=O)c2n[nH]c3ccc(cc23)c4cccc(F)c4F)CC1

Tuesday, 3 November 2015

A monolith immobilised iridium Cp* catalyst for hydrogen transfer reactions under flow conditions




An immobilised monolithic iridium hydrogen transfer catalyst has been developed for use in flow based processing. The monolithic construc thas been used for several redox reductions demonstrating excellent recyclability, good turnover numbersand high chemical stability giving negligible metal leaching over extended periods of use.

A FlowSyn Auto-LF system was employed to automatically process a library of 40 aldehydes and ketones.





An immobilised iridium hydrogen transfer catalyst has been developed for use in flow based processing by incorporation of a ligand into a porous polymeric monolithic flow reactor. The monolithic construct has been used for several redox reductions demonstrating excellent recyclability, good turnover numbers and high chemical stability giving negligible metal leaching over extended periods of use.


Graphical abstract: A monolith immobilised iridium Cp* catalyst for hydrogen transfer reactions under flow conditions










 
*Corresponding authors
aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
E-mail: mavirm@hotmail.com
bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, UK
Org. Biomol. Chem., 2015,13, 1768-1777

DOI: 10.1039/C4OB02376E


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Sunday, 6 September 2015

Tocagen’s Double Action Glioblastoma Treatment Receives FDA Orphan Drug Designation



Toca 511 and Toca FC, developed by Tocagen, is a combination treatment currently being investigated in phase I/II trials for recurrent high grade glioma including the notoriously difficult to treat glioblastoma multiforme. Toca 511 (vocimagene amiretrorepvec) is a nonlytic retroviral replicating vector (RRV) that encodes the transgene cytosine deaminase (CD). This enzyme is used to catalyze the conversion of Toca FC, a novel oral extended-release prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to the active 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Intravenous or intracranial injection of Toca 511 takes place during initial treatment and 3-7 weeks later the patient starts cyclic administration of Toca FC.1,2,3 The phase I/II trials in humans have shown similar results of patients exceeding the average life expectancy of high grade gliomas.4
Clinical stage immuno-oncology company, Tocagen, Inc., announced the US Food and Drug Administration has granted its primary immuno-oncology candidate orphan drug designation as a promising and much-needed treatment of glioblastoma, the most common form of primary brain cancer. Every year, over 10,000 people are diagnosed with glioblastoma in the United States. The new designation brings the company’s Toca 511 & Toca FC closer to helping patients suffering with this type of tumor. Tocagen is preparing to proceed with a pivotal clinical trials later this year.
http://immuno-oncologynews.com/2015/08/26/tocagens-double-action-glioblastoma-treatment-receives-fda-orphan-drug-designation/
by
ANNA TANTRUM
Glioblastoma is known to be extremely aggressive, with newly diagnosed patients expecting a mere five-year survival rate of less than 5 percent, along with a high likelihood of tumor recurrence despite completion of standard treatment. Once the tumor recurs, the average survival is only 8 months.

Toca 511 is a retroviral replicating vector (RRV) that selectively delivers a gene for the enzyme cytosine deaminase into the tumor. Patients then take oral cycles of Toca FC, a novel formulation of an antifungal drug, which is converted within infected cancer cells into the FDA-approved anticancer drug, 5-fluorouracil (5 FU). Toca 511 & Toca FC work by programming cancer cells to convert the prodrug 5-FC into the anticancer drug 5-FU, effectively causing tumor cell death and stimulating the immune system through a combination of mechanisms.

“There’s an extraordinary need for new treatment options for patients with this devastating disease,” said Harry Gruber, M.D., chief executive officer of Tocagen. “We believe FDA’s granting of both orphan drug and Fast Track designations to Toca 511 & Toca FC will enable us to more efficiently advance our program, which we hope will ultimately offer physicians and patients a new option in the fight against brain cancer.”

ImmunoCellular Therapeutics, Ltd., announced it has come to an agreement with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on a Special Protocol Assignment (SPA) for the Phase III registrational study of its investigational immunotherapy, ICT-107, indicated for patients with glioblastoma.
ICT-107 is a dendritic cell-based immunotherapy targeting multiple tumor-associated antigens on glioblastoma stem cells. The trial will be a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and will aim to enroll around 400 HLA-A2 positive patients. The study will be conducted across 120 sites in the US, Canada, and the European Union.

Mechanism of action

Retroviruses, once inside the target cell, use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from the RNA present in the virus. Toca 511 is based on the gamma retrovirus, murine leukemia (MLV).5 The virus has many innate properties that are suitable for targeted cancer treatment. One of the most important properties is the reproduction mechanism that occurs without cytolysis of the host cell. In non-lytic reproduction, the infected cell continuously forms small buds that are pinched off containing the virus to allow rapid infection. Another property is the requirement for cell division. Infection is limited to mitotically active cells. These two properties present an ideal candidate vector for modification. The lack of cytolysis in the host cell prevents an immune response and the necessity for the cell to be dividing allows localization to cancerous tumors. As an oncolytic agent, the mechanism uses the rapid mitotic activity of the cancerous tumor cells to spread the therapeutic gene in an effective and controlled manner.5 In Toca 511, the insertion of the CD transgene into the active tumor catalyzes the treatment. The expression of CD by the tumor allows intratumoral conversion of 5-FC to 5-FU.6 This allows the cytotoxic 5-FU to be maintained within the tumor cell. A second mechanism of action is proposed based upon recent data. Post-treatment, a systemic anticancer immune response is present that selectively acts against the cancerous cells.4,7

Design

The design of the Toca 511 RRV is based upon the vector design by Logg et al.5 Multiple changes facilitated selection of a clinically efficacious RRV. The original ecotropic envelope was changed to an amphotropic sequence. In the IRES-CD cassette, multiple small repeats were removed to allow for decreased instability during homologous recombination. A restriction site Psi I was placed at the 3′ of IRES for the insertion of the CD transgene. The resulting vector consists of the following, 5′ to 3′: CMV-R-U5, PBS, 5′ SS, gag, pol (with a 3′ SS), 4070A env, IRES, Psi I, yCD2, Not I, PPT, and the U3-R-U5.8

Clinical trials

Toca 511 and Toca FC combination therapy is currently being investigated for recurrent and progressive Grade III or IV glioma.1,2,3 The initial clinical study is the first to use a RRV to facilitate gene transfer into gliomas. In a recent presentation by Tocagen, researchers expressed the safety and efficacy of the therapy in the first two trials. Minimal treatment toxicity was reported. The landmark six and twelve month survival rates were higher than previously published data in both studies.4 Following positive results with the initial two trials, investigation into the intravenous efficacy is currently being determined.7

Preclinical investigations

Two important discoveries that led to the creation of Toca 511/FC treatment are the optimization of yeast CD and modifications to the vector backbone for genomic replication stability. The optimization of the yeast CD involved the modification of the codon sequence at three amino acids to a known preferred human codon sequence. This did not change the amino acid sequence. This resulted in stability at 37°C compared to the previous 26°C. The vector backbone modification at the env-3′ untranslated boundary created a vector with higher fidelity than the wild type.8 In studies of mice with implanted gliomas, Toca 511 and Toca FC therapy resulted in an unprecedented survival rate.6,8 Furthermore, when the mice were re-implanted with the same glioma post-treatment, memory T lymphocytes remained active and the growth was inhibited.6 The combination of these findings led to the clinical candidate that is currently undergoing trials.

References

1. Tocagen Inc. A Phase 1 Ascending Dose Trial of the Safety and Tolerability of Toca 511 in Patients With Recurrent High Grade Glioma. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000- [cited 2014 June 12]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01156584 NLM Identifier: NCT01156584.
2. Tocagen Inc. A P1 Ascending Dose Trial of Safety and Tolerability of Toca 511, a Retroviral Replicating Vector, Administered to Subjects at the Time of Resection for Recurrent High Grade Glioma & Followed by Treatment With Toca FC, Extended-Release 5-FC. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000- [cited 2014 June 12]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01470794 NLM Identifier: NCT01470794.
3. Tocagen Inc. A P1 Ascending Dose Trial of the Safety and Tolerability of Toca 511, a Retroviral Replicating Vector, Administered Intravenously Prior to, and Intracranially at the Time of, Subsequent Resection for Recurrent HGG & Followed by Treatment With Extended-Release 5-FC. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000- [cited 2014 June 12]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01985256 NLM Identifier: NCT01985256.
4. Interim Clinical Data for Tocagen’s Toca 511 & Toca FC in Patients with High Grade Glioma Presented at American Association of Neurological Surgeons Annual Meeting. Tocagen Inc., 10 April 2014. Web. 10 June 2014. .
5. Logg, C. R.; Robbins, M. J. Retroviral Replicating Vectors in Cancer. Methods in Enzymology 2012, 507, 199-228.
6. Ostertag, D.; Amundson, K. K.; Espinoza, F. L.; Martin, B. Brain tumor eradication and prolonged survival from intratumoral conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-flurouracil using a nonlytic retroviral replicating vector. Neuro-Oncology 2012, 14(2), 145-159.
7. Tocagen Doses First Patient Intravenously in Clinical Trial of
Selective Cancer Therapy, Toca 511 & Toca FC. Tocagen Inc., 11 March 2014. Web. 10 June 2014. http://www.tocagen.com/press/tocagen-doses-first-patient-intravenously-in-clinical-trial-of-selective-cancer-therapy-toca-511-toca-fc/
8. Perez, O. D.; Logg, C. R.; Hiraoka, K.; Diago, O. Design and Selection of Toca 511 for Clinical Use: Modified Retroviral Replicating Vector With Improved Stability and Gene Expression. Molecular Therapy 2012, 20(9), 1689-1698.

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