KAE 609, NITD 609, Cipargamin

Cipargamin, NITD 609

IUPAC Name: (3R,3'S)-5,7'-dichloro-6'-fluoro-3'-methylspiro[1H-indole-3,1'-2,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]indole]-2-one |

CAS Registry Number: 1193314-23-6
Synonyms: NITD609, NITD 609, NITD-609, GNF-609
KAE-609
NITD-609  

 390.238, C19 H14 Cl2 F N3 O

(1'R,3'S)-5,7'-Dichloro-6'-fluoro-3'-methyl-1,2,2',3',4',9'-hexahydrospiro[indole-3,1'-pyrido[3,4-b]indole]-2-one

(1R,3S)-5′,7-Dichloro-6-fluoro-3-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-1,3′-indol]-2′(1′H)-one

Novartis Ag    innovator

NITD609 is an experimental synthetic antimalarial molecule belonging to the spiroindolone class.^[1][2] The compound was developed at the Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases in Singapore, through a collaboration with the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), the Biomedical Primate Research Centre and the Swiss Tropical Institute. NITD609 is a novel, synthetic antimalarial molecule belonging to the spiroindolone class, awarded MMV Project of the Year 2009.

It is structurally related to GNF 493, a compound first identified as a potent inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum growth in a high throughput phenotypic screen of natural products conducted at the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation in San Diego, California in 2006. NITD609 was discovered by screening the Novartis library of 12,000 natural products and synthetic compounds to find compounds active against Plasmodium falciparum. The first screen turned up 275 compounds and the list was narrowed to 17 potential candidates.

KAE609 (cipargamin; formerly NITD609, Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases) is a new synthetic antimalarial spiroindolone analogue with potent, dose-dependent antimalarial activity against asexual and sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1315860

KAE609 shows promise as next generation treatment for malaria

http://www.novartis.com/newsroom/media-releases/en/2014/1843976.shtml

• KAE609 is the first antimalarial drug candidate with a novel mechanism of action to achieve positive clinical proof-of-concept in over 20 years
  
• KAE609 was tested in adult patients with uncomplicated malaria and showed a median parasite clearance time of 12 hours, including in patients with resistant infections[1]
  
• For more than a decade, Novartis has been a leader in the fight against malaria, setting the current gold standard for treatment and building one of the strongest malaria pipelines in the industry

KAE609 shows promise as next generation treatment for malaria

• KAE609 is the first antimalarial drug candidate with a novel mechanism of action to achieve positive clinical proof-of-concept in over 20 years
  
• KAE609 was tested in adult patients with uncomplicated malaria and showed a median parasite clearance time of 12 hours, including in patients with resistant infections[1]
  
• For more than a decade, Novartis has been a leader in the fight against malaria, setting the current gold standard for treatment and building one of the strongest malaria pipelines in the industry

The digital press release with multimedia content can be accessed here:

Basel, Switzerland, July 30, 2014 - Today, Novartis published clinical trial results in the New England Journal of Medicine showing that KAE609 (cipargamin), a novel and potent antimalarial drug candidate, cleared the parasite rapidly in Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) and Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) uncomplicated malaria patients[1]. Novartis currently has two drug candidates in development. Both KAE609 and KAF156 are new classes of anti-malarial compounds that treat malaria in different ways from current therapies, important to combat emerging drug resistance. Novartis has also identified PI4K as a new drug target with potential to prevent, block and treat malaria.

"Novartis is in the fight against malaria for the long term and we are committed to the continued research and development of new therapies to eventually eliminate the disease," said Joseph Jimenez, CEO of Novartis. "With two compounds and a new drug target currently under investigation, Novartis has one of the strongest malaria pipelines in the industry."

Malaria is a life-threatening disease primarily caused by parasites (P. falciparum and P. vivax) transmitted to people through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Each year it kills more than 600,000 people, most of them African children[2].

"KAE609 is a potential game-changing therapy in the fight against malaria," said Thierry Diagana, Head of the Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), which aims to discover novel treatments and prevention methods for major tropical diseases. "Novartis has given KAE609 priority project status because of its unique potential of administering it as a single-dose combination therapy."

In June 2012, 21 patients infected by one of the two main malaria-causing parasite types took part in a proof-of-concept clinical study conducted in Bangkok and Mae Sot near the Thailand/Burma border where resistance to current therapies had been reported. Researchers saw rapid parasite clearance in adult patients (median of 12 hours)[2] with uncomplicated P. vivax or P. falciparum malaria infection including those with resistant parasites. No safety concerns were identified, however the study was too small for any safety conclusions.

"The growing menace of artemisinin resistance threatens our current antimalarial treatments, and therefore our attempts to control and eliminate falciparum malaria," said Nick White, Professor of Tropical Medicine at Mahidol University in Thailand and lead author of the NEJM article. "This is why we are so enthusiastic about KAE609; it is the first new antimalarial drug candidate with a completely novel mechanism of action to reach Phase 2 clinical development in over 20 years."

KAE609, the first compound in the spiroindolone class of treatment, works through a novel mechanism of action that involves inhibition of a P-type cation-transporter ATPase4 (PfATP4), which regulates sodium concentration in the parasite. Because KAE609 also appears to be effective against the sexual forms of the parasite, it could potentially help prevent disease transmission. The clinical trial was done in collaboration with the Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University - Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme. Research was supported by the Wellcome Trust, Singapore Economic Development Board, and Medicines for Malaria Venture.

KAE609 represents one of two new classes of antimalarial compounds that Novartis has discovered and published in the last four years.[3],[4] This drug candidate has shown potent in vitro activity against a broad range of parasites that have developed drug resistance against current therapies. KAE609 is currently being planned for Phase 2b trials.

References
[1] http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1315860
[2] World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/
[3] Spiroindolones, a Potent Compound Class for the Treatment of Malaria, KAE609, Science, Sept. 2010
[4] Imaging of Plasmodium liver stages to drive next generation antimalarial drug discovery. Science Express, Nov. 17, 2011

http://www.ukmi.nhs.uk/applications/ndo/record_view_open.asp?newDrugID=6368

The current spiroindolone was optimized to address its metabolic liabilities leading to improved stability and exposure levels in animals. As a result, NITD609 is one of only a handful of molecules capable of completely curing mice infected withPlasmodium berghei (a model of blood-stage malaria).

Given its good physicochemical properties, promising pharmacokinetic and efficacy profile, the molecule was recently approved as a preclinical candidate and is now entering GLP toxicology studies with the aim of entering Phase I studies in humans in late 2010. If its safety and tolerability are acceptable, NITD609 would be the first antimalarial not belonging to either the artemisinin or peroxide class to go into a proof-of-concept study in malaria.

If NITD609 behaves similarly in people to the way it works in mice, it may be possible to develop it into a drug that could be taken just once - far easier than current standard treatments in which malaria drugs are taken between one and four times a day for up to seven days. NITD609 also has properties which could enable it to be manufactured in pill form and in large quantities. Further animal studies have been performed and researchers have begun human-stage trials.

NITD609
IUPAC name[hide] (1R,3S)-5’,7-Dichloro-6-fluoro-3-methyl-spiro[2,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]indole-1,3’-indoline]-2’-one
Identifiers
ChemSpider	24662493
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES [show]
InChI [show]
Properties
Molecular formula	C19H14Cl2FN3O
Molar mass	390.24 g mol−1

Malaria is an old infectious disease caused by four protozoan parasites, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. These four parasites are typically transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria is a problem in many parts of the world, and over the last few decades the malaria burden has steadily increased. An estimated 1 to 3 million people die every year from malaria - mostly children under the age of 5. This increase in malaria mortality is due in part to the fact that Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite, has acquired resistance against nearly all available antimalarial drugs, with the exception of the artemisinin derivatives.
Leishmaniasis is caused by one of more than twenty (20) varieties of parasitic protozoa that belong to the genus Leishmania, and is transmitted by the bite of female sandflies. Leishmaniasis is endemic in some 90 countries, including many tropical and sub-tropical areas.
There are four main forms of leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis, also called kala-azar, is the most serious form and is caused by the parasite Leishmania donovani. Patients who develop visceral leishmaniasis can die within months unless they receive treatment. The two main therapies for visceral leishmaniasis are the antimony derivatives sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®) and meglumine antimoniate (Glucantim®). Sodium stibogluconate has been used for about 70 years and resistance to this drug is a growing problem. In addition, the treatment is relatively long and painful, and can cause undesirable side effects. Human African Trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a vector-bome parasitic disease. The parasites concerned are protozoa belonging to the Trypanosoma Genus. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse fly {Glossina Genus) bites which have acquired their infection from human beings or from animals harbouring the human pathogenic parasites.
Chagas disease (also called American trypanosomiasis) is another human parasitic disease that is endemic amongst poor populations on the American continent. The disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans by blood-sucking insects. The human disease occurs in two stages: the acute stage, which occurs shortly after the infection, and the chronic stage, which can develop over many years. Chronic infections result in various neurological disorders, including dementia, damage to the heart muscle and sometimes dilation of the digestive tract, as well as weight loss. Untreated, the chronic disease is often fatal.
The drugs currently available for treating Chagas disease are nifurtimox and benznidazole. However, problems with these current therapies include their adverse side effects, the length of treatment, and the requirement for medical supervision during treatment. Furthermore, treatment is really only effective when given during the acute stage of the disease. Resistance to the two frontline drugs has already arisen. The antifungal agent amphotericin b has been proposed as a second-line drug, but this drug is costly and relatively toxic.

SYNTHESIS..........WILL BE UPDATED
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http://www.google.com/patents/WO2009132921A1?cl=en

SCHEME G: Preparation of (lR,3S)-5',7-dichloro-6-fluoro-3-methyl-2,3,4,9- tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-l,3'-indol-2'(l'iϊ)-one (35) and (lR,3S)-5'-chloro-6-fluoro-3- methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-l,3'-indoI-2'(l'H0-one (36)

Step 1 : POCl₃ (2.43 mL, 26.53 mmol) was added dropwise to N, N-dimethylformamide (15.0 mL) at -20 °C and stirred below -5 ⁰C for one hour. A solution of 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole (3.0 g, 17.69 mmol) in dimethylformamide (5.0 mL) was added dropwise to the above reaction mixture at -20 °C. The salt-ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was warmed to 35 ⁰C, After one hour, the reaction was poured onto ice and basified by solid sodium bicarbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with water and then concentrated to give 6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (3.4 g, 97 %) as a light brown solid. ¹H ΝMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 10.02 (s, 1 H), 8.10 (d, IH, J = 9.5 Hz), 7.87 (s, 1 H), 7.49 (d, IH, J= 5.5 Hz).
Step 2: The solution (0.2 M) of 6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (4.0 g, 20.24 mmol) in nitroethane (100 mL) was refluxed with ammonium acetate (1.32 g, 0.85 mmol) for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to remove nitroethane, diluted with ethylacetate and washed with brine. The organic layer was concentrated to give 6-chloro-5- fluoro-3-(2-nitro-propenyl)-1H-indole (5.0 g, 97 %) as a reddish orange solid. ¹H ΝMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.77 (s, IH), 8.32 (s, IH), 7.58 (d, IH, J= 2.5 Hz), 7.54 (d, IH, J = 9 Hz), 7.50 (d, IH, J= 5.9 Hz), 2.52 (s, 3H). Step 3: A solution of 6-chloro-5-fluoro-3-(2-nitro-propenyl)-1H-indole (5.0 g, 19.63 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added to the suspension of lithium aluminium hydride (2.92 g, 78.54 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) at 0 ⁰C and then refluxed for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C, and quenched according to the Fischer method. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and the filtrate concentrated to give 2-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3- yl-1-methyl-ethylamine (4.7 g crude) as a viscous brown liquid. The residue was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.13 (s, IH), 7.37 (d, IH, 6.Hz), 7.32 (d, IH, J = 10 Hz), 7.08 (s, IH), 3.23-3.26 (m, IH), 2.77-2.81 (m, IH), 2.58-2.63 (m, IH), 1.15 (d, 3H, J= 6.5 Hz).
Step 4: A mixture of 2-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl-l-methyl-ethylamine (4.7 g, 20.73 mmol), 5-chloroisatin (3.76 g, 20.73 mmol) and p-toluenesulphonic acid (394 mg, 2.07 mmol) in ethanol (75 mL) was refluxed overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated to remove ethanol, diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic layer was concentrated to give a brown residue, which was purified by silica gel chromatography (20 % ethyl acetate in hexane) to provide the corresponding racemate (4.5 g, 56 %) as a light yellow solid. The racemate was separated into its enantiomers by chiral chromatography to provide 35.
Compound 36 can be obtained in a similar fashion from 5-fluoroindole.
Alternatively 35 and 36 were be prepared in enantiomerically pure form by the following scheme.
SCHEME H: Alternative preparation of (lR,3S)-5',7-dichloro-6-fluoro-3-methyl-2,3,4,9- tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-l,3'-indol-2'(1'H)-one (35)

Step 1 : To a solution of 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole (1.8 g, 10.8 mmol) and Ac₂O (10 niL) in AcOH (3OmL) was added L-serine (2.2 g, 20.9 mmol), the mixture was heated to 80 °C. After TLC indicated the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled to 0 °C, neutralized to pH 11 , and washed with MTBE. The aqueous phase was acidified to pH 2 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with water and bπne, dπed with Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified with chromatography (Petroleum ether /EtOAc 1:1) to give 2-acetylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-mdol-3-yl)-propπonic acid as a light yellow solid (1.2 g, 37% yield).
Step 2: 2-Acetylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-proprionic acid (2.5g, 8.4mmol) was dissolved in aqueous NaOH (IN, 10 niL) and water added (70 mL). The mixture was heated to 37-38⁰C and neutralized with HCl (IN) to pΗ 7.3-7.8. L-Aminoacylase (0.5 g) was added to the mixture and allowed to stir for 2 days, maintaining 37-38⁰C and pΗ 7.3-7.8. The mixture was heated to 60 °C for another hour, concentrated to remove part of water, cooled and filtered. The filtrate was adjusted to pΗ 5.89 and filtered again. The filtrate was adjusted to pΗ 2.0 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated and the residue was purified with chromatography (petroleum ether /EtOAc 1 : IEtOAc) to give R- 2-acetylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-mdol-3-yl)-propπonic acid as a light yellow solid (1.2 g, 48% yield). Step 3: R-2-acetylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-proprionic acid (1.2 g, 4.0 mmol) was dissolved in HCl (6N, 10 mL) and the mixture heated to reflux for 4 hours, and then concentrated to dryness. Toluene (50 mL) was added to the residue and concentrated to dryness to remove water and HCl. The residue was dried under vacuum and then dissolved in MeOH (20 mL). To the solution was added dropwise SOCl₂ (0.5 mL, 6.8 mmol) at 0 °C, and the mixture was stirred overnight. After removal of solvent, the residue was dissolved in THF/water (40/10 mL) and NaHCO₃ (1.0 g, 11.9 mmol) was added portionwise. Upon basifϊcation, BoC₂O (1.2 g, 5.5 mmol) added at 0 °C and allowed to stir at room temperature. After TLC indicated the reaction was finished, EtOAc was added and separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated and the residue was purified with chromatography (petroleum ether /EtOAc: 5/1) to give R-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-l/-/-indol-3-yl)-proprionic acid methyl ester 460 g, 31% yield for 3 steps).
Step 4: To a solution of R-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-l//-indol-3-yl)- proprionic acid methyl ester (460mg, 1.2mmol) in dry ether (20 mL) was added portionwise LiAlH₄ (92 mg, 2.4 mmol) at 0 °C. The mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hours. After TLC indicated the reaction was finished, the mixture was cooled and carefully quenched with Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and water, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated to give a crude product (400 mg), which was used without further purification.
Step 5: To a solution of the crude product (400 mg, 1.2mmol) and Et₃N (0.3 mL, 2.2 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added MsCl (160 mg, 1.4 mmol) dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. After TLC indicated the reaction was completed, the mixture was washed with water and brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated and the residue was purified with chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc 5:1) to give methansulfonic acid (R)-2- ?ert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-propyl ester as a light yellow solid (300 mg, 57% yield, 2 steps)
Step 6: To a solution of mesylate (300 mg, 0.7mmol) in dry ether (20 mL) was added portionwise LiAlH₄ (55 mg, 1.4 mmol) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After TLC indicated the reaction was finished, the mixture was cooled and carefully quenched with Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was washed with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and water, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated and the residue was purified with chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc 10: 1) to give [(5)-2-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)- 1 -methyl-ethyl] -carbamic acid tert-butyl ester as a light yellow solid (200 mg, 87% yield).
Step 7: A solution of [(S)-2-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-l-methyl-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (200 mg, 0.6 mmol) in HCl/MeOH (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature. After TLC indicated the reaction was finished, the mixture was concentrated to remove the solvent. To the residue was added EtOAc (5OmL), and the mixture was neutralized with saturated NaHCO₃ to pH 8~9, and then extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated to give a crude (S)-2-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-l- methyl-ethylamine which was used without further purification.
Step 8: To a solution of (5)-2-(6-chloro-5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-l-methyl-ethylamine (120 mg, 0.5 mmol) in EtOH (1OmL) was added 5-chloroisatin (90 mg, 0.5 mmol) and p-TsOΗ (8 mg, 0.04 mmol). The mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 110⁰C for 16 hours. After TLC indicated the reaction was finished, the mixture was cooled and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (2OmL) and washed with NaOH (IN) and brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated and the residue was purified with chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc 5:1) to give 36 (150mg, 64% yield over two steps).

Example 48 (15,3R)-5'-Chloro-3-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-l,3'-indol]-2'(l'_JH)-one
(35)

35
Compound 35 may be prepared according to Scheme F using the same or analogous synthetic techniques and/or substituting with alternative reagents.
(lS^RVS'-Chloro-S-methyl-l^^^-tetrahydrospirotβ-carboline-l.S'-indoll-l^l'ZO-one: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-^₆): δ 10.45 (s, IH), 10.42 (s, IH), 7.43 (d, J= 7.5 Hz, IH), 7.31 (dd, J = 2.1, 8.4 Hz, IH), 7.16 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, IH), 7.05-7.02 (m, 2H), 7.00-6.96 (m, IH), 6.92 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, IH), 3.98-3.86 (m, IH), 2.78 (dd, J= 3.6, 14.9 Hz, IH), 2.41 (dd, J= 4.5, 25.5 Hz, IH), 1.18 (d, J= 6.3 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 338.0 (M+H)⁺.
Chiral compounds such as 36 and 37 can be prepared according to Scheme G or H using the same or analogous synthetic techniques and/or substituting with alternative reagents. Example 49
(IR^^-S'.T-Dichloro-ό-fluoro-S-methyl-l^^^-tetrahydrospiroIβ-carboline-l^'-indol]- 2\VH)-one (36)

36
35: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-Jd) δ 10.69 (s, IH), 10.51 (s, IH), 7.43 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, IH), 7.33 (dd, J= 8.4, 2.2 Hz, IH), 7.27 (d, J= 6.5 Hz, IH), 7.05 (d, J= 2.3, IH), 6.93 (d, J= 8.5 Hz, IH), 3.91 (m, IH), 3.13 (bd, J= 6.2 Hz, IH), 2.74 (dd, J= 15.0 , 3.0 Hz, IH), 2.35 (dd, J= 15.0, 10.3, IH), 1.15 (d, J= 6.0, 3H);
MS (ESI) m/z 392.0 (M+2H)⁺;
[α]²⁵ _D = + 255.4°
Example 50
(lS,3R)-5',7-Dichloro-6-fluoro-3-methyI-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-l,3'-indol]- 2'(l'H)-one (37)

37
(lS^^-S'^-Dichloro-o-fluoro-S-methyl^jS^^-tetrahydrospirojP-carboline-l-S'-indol]- 2'(l'H)-one: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.49 (s, IH), 7.54 (s, IH), 7.24 (d, J= 9.7 Hz, IH), 7.21 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.0 Hz, IH), 7.14 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, IH), 7.11 (d, J= 1.8, IH), 6.77 (d, J= 8.3 Hz, IH), 4.14 (m, IH), 2.89 (dd, J = 15.4, 3.7 Hz, IH), 2.49 (dd, J = 15.3, 10.5, IH), 1.68 (bs, IH), 1.29 (d, J= 6.4 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 392.0 (M+2H)⁺; [α]²⁵ _D -223.3°
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US 2011275613
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013139987A1?cl=en

Prior art:
(1 'R, 3'S)-5, 7'-dichloro-6'-fIuoro-3'-methyl-2', 3',4', 9'-tetrahydrospiro[indoline-3, 1 - pyrido[3,4-b]indol]-2-one (eg. a compound of formula (IV), which comprises a spiroindolone moiety) and a 6-steps synthetic method for preparing, including known chiral amine intermediate compound (MA) are known (WO 2009/132921 ):

he present invention relates to processes for the preparation of spiroindolone compounds, such as (1'R,3'S)-5, 7'-dichloro-6'-fIuoro-3'-methyl-2',3',4',9'- tetrahydrospiro[indoline-3, 1 '-pyhdo[3.4-b]indol]-2-one.
(1 'R, 3'S)-5, 7'-dichloro-6'-fluoro-3'-methyl-2', 3',4 9'-tetrahydrospiro[indoline-3, 1 '- pyrido[3, 4-b]indol]-2-one is useful in the treatment and/or prevention of infections such as those caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, Trypanosoma cruzi and parasites of the Leishmania genus such as, for example, Leishmania donovani., and it has the following structure:

(IVA)
(1 'R, 3'S)-5, 7'-dichloro-6'-fluoro-3'-methyl-2 3', 4', 9'-tetrahydrospiro[indoline-3, 1 - pyhdo[3, 4-b]indol]-2-one and a synthesis thereof are described in WO 2009/132921 Al in particular in Example 49 therein.

Example 10: Process for Conversion of Compound (IA) to Compound (IIA) in 30g Scale

458.97
152.48g /so-propylamine hydrochloride and 0.204g pyridoxalphosphate monohydrate were dissolved in 495ml water while stirring. To this yellow clear solution a solution of 30. Og ketone in 85ml poly ethylene glycol (average mol weight 200) within 15 minutes. Upon addition the ketone precipitates as fine particles which are evenly distributed in the reaction media. To the suspension 180ml triethanolamine buffer (0.1 mol/l, pH 7) were added and the pH was adjusted to 7 by additon of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1 mol/l). The reaction mixture is heated to 50°C and a solution of 1.62g transaminase SEQ ID NO: 134 dissolved in 162ml triethanolamine buffer (0 1 mol/l, pH 7) is added. The reaction mixture is continiously kept at pH 7 by addition of 1 mol/l aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction mixture is stirred 24h at 50°C and a stream of Nitrogen is blown over the surface of the reaction mixture to strip off formed acetone. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 25°C and filtered over a bed of cellulose flock. The pH of the filtrate is adjusted to «1 by addition of concentrated sulfuric acid. The acidified filtrated is extracted with 250 ml /so-Propyl acetate. The layers are separated and the pH of the aqueous phase is adjusted to ¾10 by additon of concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The basified aqueous phase is extracted with /^'so-propyl acetate. The layers are seperated and the organic phase is washed with 100 ml water. The organic phase is concentrated by distillation to 2/3 of its origin volume. In a second reactor 33.98g (+)- camphor sulfonic acid is dissolved in 225 ml /^'so-propyl acetate upon refluxing and the concentrated organic phase is added within 10 minutes. After complete addition the formed thin suspension is cooled to 0°C within 2 hours and kept at 0°C for 15 hours. The precipitated amine-(+)-camphor sulfonate salt is filtered, washed with 70 ml /so-propyl acetate and dried at 40°C in vaccuum yielding 51.57g of colourless crystals (84.5% yield t.q.)
Analytical Data
IR:
v (crn ¹)=3296, 3061 , 2962, 2635, 2531 , 2078, 1741 , 1625, 1577, 1518, 1461 , 1415, 1392, 1375, 1324, 1302, 1280, 1256, 1226, 1 170, 1 126, 1096, 1041 , 988, 966, 937, 868, 834, 814, 790, 766, 746, 719, 669, 615.
LC-MS (ESI +):
Ammonium ion: m/z =227 ([M+H]), 268 ([M+H+CH₃CN]), 453 ([2M+H]).
Camphorsulfonate ion: m/z =250 ([M+NH₄]), 482 ([2M+NH4]).
LC-MS (ESI -):
Camphorsulfonate ion: m/z=231 ([M-H]), 463 ([2M-H]).
1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz):
1 1.22 (br. s., 1 H), 7.75 (br. s., 3H), 7.59 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.54 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.36 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.37 - 3.50 (m, 1 H), 2.98 (dd, J = 14.3, 5.8 Hz, 1 H), 2.91 (d, J = 14.8 Hz, 1 H), 2,81 (dd, J = 14.3, 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 2.63 - 2.74 (m, 1 H), 2.41 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 1 H), 2.24 (dt, J = 18.3, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 1 .94 (t, J = 4.4 Hz, 1 H), 1.86 (dt, J = 7.4, 3 6 Hz, 1 H), 1.80 (d, J = 18.1 Hz, H), 1.23 - 1 .35 (m, 2H), 1.15 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (s, 3H), 0.74 (s, 3H)
Free Amine (obtained by evaporatig the iso-Propylacetate layer after extraction of the basified aqueous layer):
¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆): 11 .04 (br. s., 1 H), 7.50 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.48 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.25 (s, 1 H), 3.03 (sxt, J = 6.3 Hz, 1 H), 2.61 (dd, J - 14.3, 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 2.57 (dd, J = 14.1 , 6.5 Hz, 1 H), 1.36 (br. s., 2H), 0.96 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H)
Example 11: Process for Conversion of Compound (HA) to Compound (IVB)

3. solvent exchange to TP
13.62 g 5-chloroisatin is suspended in 35 ml /so-propanol and 2.3 g triethyl amine is added. The suspension is heated to reflux and a solution of 34.42g amine-(+)-camphor sulfonate salt dissolved in 300 ml /^'so-propanol is added within 50 minutes. The reaction mixture is stirred at reflux for 17 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to 75°C and 17.4g (+)-camphorsulfonic acid are added to the reaction mixture. Approximately 300 ml /so- propanol are removed by vacuum distillation. Distilled off /so-propanol is replaced by iso- propyl acetate and vacuum distillation is continued. This is distillation is repeated a second time. To the distillation residue 19 ml ethanol and 265 ml ethyl acetate is added and the mixture is heated to reflux. The mixture is cooled in ramps to 0°C and kept at 0°C for 24 hours. The beige to off white crystals are filtered off, washed with 3 portions (each 25 ml) precooled (0°C) ethylacetate and dried in vacuum yielding 40.3 g beige to off white crystals. (86.3% yield t.q.)
IR:
v (crrr)= 3229, 3115, 3078, 3052, 2971 , 2890, 2841. 2772. 2722, 2675, 2605, 2434. 1741 , 1718, 1621 , 1606, 1483, 1460, 1408, 1391 , 1372, 1336, 1307, 1277, 1267, 1238, 1202, 1 184, 1 162, 1 149, 1 128, 1067, 1036, 987, 973, 939, 919, 896, 871 , 857, 843, 785, 771 , 756, 717, 690, 678, 613.
LC-MS (ESI +):
Ammonium ion: m/z =390 ([M+H]), 431 ([M+H+CH₃CN]) Camphorsulfonate ion: m/z =250 ([M+NH₄]), 482 ([2M+NH4])
LC-MS (ESI -):
Camphorsulfonate ion: m/z=231 ([M-H]), 463 ([2M-H])
1H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 600 MHz):
11.49 (s, 1 H), 1 1.23 (s, 1 H), 10.29 - 10.83 (m, 1 H), 9.78 - 10.31 (m, 1 H), 7.55 - 7.60 (m, 2H), 7.52 (s, 1 H), 7.40 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.52 - 4.63 (m, 1 H). 3.20 (dd, J = 16.3, 4.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.96 (dd, J = 16.1 , 11.3 Hz, 1 H), 2.90 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1 H), 2.56 - 2.63 (m, 1 H), 2.39 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 1 H), 2.21 (dt, J = 18.0, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 1.89 - 1.93 (m, 1 H), 1.81 (ddd, J = 15.3, 7.8, 3.7 Hz, 1 H), 1.76 (d, J = 18.3 Hz, 1 H), 1 .53 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.20 - 1.33 (m, 2H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.70 (s, 3H)
Example 12: Process for Preparing a Compound of formula (IVA) ¹/z Hydrate

mw622.54 .............................................................................mw399.25
In a 750ml reactor with impeller stirrer 50g of compound (IVB) salt were dissolved in 300ml Ethanol (ALABD) and 100 ml deionised Water (WEM). The clear, yellowish sollution was heated to 58°C internal temperature. To the solution 85 g of a 10% aqueous sodium carbonate solution was added within 10 minutes. The clear solution was particle filtered into a second reaction vessel. Vessel and particle filter were each rinsed with 25 ml of a mixture of ethanohwater (3:1 v/v) in the second reaction vessel. The combined particle filtered solution is heated to 58°C internal temperature and 200ml water (WEM) were added dropwise within 15 minutes. Towards the end of the addition the solution gets turbid.
The mixture is stirred for 10 minutes at 58°C internal temperature and is then cooled slowely to room temperature within 4hours 30 minutes forming a thick, well stirable white suspension. To the suspension 200 ml water are added and the mixture is stirred for additional 15hours 20 minutes at room temperature. The suspension is filtered and the filter cake is washed twice with 25 ml portions of a mixture of ethanohwater 9: 1 (v/v). The colourless crystals are dried at 60°C in vacuum yielding 26.23g (=91.2% yield). H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆)
0.70 (s, 1H), 10.52 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H),.26 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.83 - 4.00 (m,H), 3.13 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (dd, J = 15.1, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (dd, J = 15.1, 10.5 Hz,H), 1.17 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H).

 ......................................................

 Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2010 ,  vol. 53,   14  p. 5155 - 5164

http://pubs.acs.org/toc/jmcmar/53/14

(1R,3S)-5′,7-Dichloro-6-fluoro-3-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydrospiro[β-carboline-1,3′-indol]-2′(1′H)-one (19a)

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.69 (s, 1H), 10.51 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J = 8.0, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 3.13 (bd, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (dd, J = 15.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.35 (dd, J = 15.0, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 1.15 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). MS (ESI) m/z 392.0 (M + 2H)⁺; [α]_D²⁵ = +255.4° (c = 0.102 g/L, methanol).

......................................

http://www.google.com/patents/CN102432526A?cl=en&dq=%22cipargamin%22+OR+%22cipargamina%22+OR+%22cipargamine%22+OR+%22cipargaminum%22+OR+%22NITD609%22&source=uds

Z.Zhang, WO 2007 / 104714,2007).
[0007]

[0008] (2) year 2008 Roche pharmaceutical company disclosed a spiro [oxindole - cyclohexenone] skeleton biomedicine, PCT International Application No. W02008 / 055812. It also announced the preparation of anti-cancer agents and antagonists of the application of the compound is used as the interaction with MDM2 (reference:. Liu, J.-J; Zhang, Z; (Hoffmann-LaRoche AG), PCT Int App 1. . W02008 / 055812, 2008), its structural formula is as follows:
[0009]

[0010] (3) Melchiorre research group abroad chiral amines and o-fluoro-3-benzyl benzoate as catalyst methylene-indole-2-one (3-benzylideneindolin-2-one, CAS Number: 3359-49- 7) with α, β - unsaturated ketone synthesis of chiral spiro [cyclohexane _1,3'- indole] _2,4 '- dione [s pir0 [cycl0hexane-l, 3' -indoline] - 2 ', 4-diones] compounds (see:.. Bencivenni, G; ffu, LY; Mazzanti, A .; Giannichi, B.; Pesciaioli, F; Song, Μ P.; Bartoli, G.; Melchiorre, P .... .Angew Chem Int Ed 2009,48,7200), the structure of the total formula is as follows:
[0011]

[0012] (4) Gong Flow column team found to cyclohexanediamine derived Bronsted acid - a bifunctional catalyst Lewis base catalysis of 3-benzyl-methylene-indole-2-one and α, β- unsaturated 1,3 tandem reaction dicarbonyl compound (Nazarov reagent) can be obtained with high stereoselectivity chiral spiro [cyclohexane _1,3'- indol] -2 ', 4-dione [spiro [cyclohexane-l, 3 '-indoline] -2', 4-diones] compounds; and by this method successfully synthesized 7 Roche pharmaceutical companies to develop chiral anti-tumor agents (see: Q Wei, L -Z Gong, Org Lett 2010..... , 12, 1008.).
[0013] (5) Wang Lixin research group recently reported that primary amines derived from cinchona alkaloids and Bronsted acid as catalyst N- protected indolone compounds and double Michael addition reaction of diketene generate hand spiro [cyclohexane-1, 3'-indol] -2 ', 4-dione [spiro [cyclohexane-l, 3' -indoline] -2 ', 4-diones] type of tx ^ (: L. -L. Wang, L. Peng, J. -F. Bai, L. -N. Jia, X. -Y. Luo, QC Huang, L. -X. Wang, Chem. Commum. 2011,47, 5593.).

References

1.  "NITD 609". Medicines for Malaria Venture.
2. Rottmann M, McNamara C, Yeung BK, Lee MC, Zou B, Russell B, Seitz P, Plouffe DM, Dharia NV, Tan J, Cohen SB, Spencer KR, González-Páez GE, Lakshminarayana SB, Goh A, Suwanarusk R, Jegla T, Schmitt EK, Beck HP, Brun R, Nosten F, Renia L, Dartois V, Keller TH, Fidock DA, Winzeler EA, Diagana TT (2010). "Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria". Science 329 (5996): 1175–80. doi:10.1126/science.1193225. PMC 3050001. PMID 20813948.

WO2009132921A1 *	Apr 1, 2009	Nov 5, 2009	Novartis Ag	Spiro-indole derivatives for the treatment of parasitic diseases
WO2010081053A2 *	Jan 8, 2010	Jul 15, 2010	Codexis, Inc.	Transaminase polypeptides
WO2012007548A1 *	Jul 14, 2011	Jan 19, 2012	Dsm Ip Assets B.V.	(r)-selective amination
AT507050A1 *				Title not available
EP0036741A2 *	Mar 17, 1981	Sep 30, 1981	THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY	Phosphine compounds, transition metal complexes thereof and use thereof as chiral hydrogenation catalysts
EP0120208A2 *	Jan 24, 1984	Oct 3, 1984	Degussa Aktiengesellschaft	Microbiologically produced L-phenylalanin-dehydrogenase, process for obtaining it and its use
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GB974895A *				Title not available
US3282959 *	Mar 21, 1962	Nov 1, 1966	Parke Davis & Co	7-chloro-alpha-methyltryptamine derivatives
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WO2005009370A2 *	Jul 22, 2004	Feb 3, 2005	Pharmacia Corp	Beta-carboline compounds and analogues thereof and their use as mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 inhibitors
EP0466548A1 *	Jun 27, 1991	Jan 15, 1992	Adir Et Compagnie	1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexahydroazepino[4,5-b]indole and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carbolines, processes for their preparation, and pharmaceutical compositions containing them

Рисунок из Science 2010, 329, 1175

Исследовательская группа Элизабет Винцелер (Elizabeth A. Winzeler) разработала новый препарат, первоначально проведя скрининг библиотеки, состоящей из 12000 соединений, а затем получив производные наиболее перспективных кандидатов. В результате долгой работы исследователи отобрали единственное соединение спироиндолоновой структуры, получившее регистрационный номер NITD609. В случае успешного прохождения экспертизы фармакологических и токсикологических свойств нового соединения исследователи надеются приступить к первой фазе его клинических испытаний уже в конце этого года.
Было обнаружено, что NITD609 быстро останавливает белковый синтез в организме возбудителя малярии, ингибируя ген аденозинтрифосфатазы, ответственной за транспорт катионов через мембрану клетки возбудителя. То, что механизм действия нового соединения отличается от механизма, характерного для других средств лечения малярии, объясняет причины успешного действия нового препарата в том числе и против штаммов малярии, выработавших резистентность.

 HPLC

Analyte quantization was performed byLC/MS/MS. Liquid chromatography was performed using an Agilent

1100 HPLC system(Santa Clara, CA), with the Agilent Zorbax XDB Phenyl (3.5μ, 4.6 x75 mm) column at

an oven temperature of 35 °C, coupled with a QTRAP4000 triple quadruple mass

spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Instrumentcontrol and dataacquisition were performed using Applied Biosystems software Analyst 1.4.2. Themobile phases used were A: water:acetic acid (99.8:0.2, v/v) and B: acetonitrile:aceticacid (99.8:0.2, v/v), using a gradient, with flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and run time of 5minutes. Under these conditions the retention time of9a

was 3.2 minutes. Compounddetection on the mass spectrometer was performed in electrospraypositive ionizationmode and utilized multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for specificity (9atransitions338.3/295.1, 338.3/259.2) together with their optimized MS parameters. The lower limitof quantification for9awas 70 ng/mL.

Extraction and LCMS analysis of 20a.Plasma samples were extracted withacetonitrile:methanol-acetic acid (90:9.8:0.2 v/v) for the analyte and internal standard(17a) using a 3.6 to 1 extractant to plasma ratio. Analyte quantitation was performed by

LC/MS/MS. Liquid chromatography was performed using an Agilent1100 HPLC systemS7(Santa Clara, CA), with the Agilent Zorbax XDB-Phenyl (3.5μ, 4.6x75mm) column atan oven temperature of 45 °C coupled with a QTRAP 4000 triple quadruple massSpectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Instrumentcontrol and dataacquisition were performed using Applied Biosystems software Analyst 1.4.2. Themobile phases used were A: water:acetic acid (99.8:0.2, v/v) and B: methanol:acetic acid

(99.8:0.2, v/v), using gradient elution conditions with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and a runtime of 6 minutes